We get A LOT of questions from our listeners! So this week we decided to put the competition on hold, open up the old Tangents Mailbag, and answer a few of them! 

Get ready to learn some of our deepest secrets, like what Ceri thinks about yogurt and Stefan's milk conundrum! There are other, less dairy related things in this episode, too. Once again, thank you all for your support and for all of the amazing questions you ask us every week. We couldn't do it without you!

Follow us on Twitter @SciShowTangents, where we’ll tweet out topics for upcoming episodes and you can ask the science couch questions! 

While you're at it, check out the Tangents crew on Twitter: Stefan: @itsmestefanchin Ceri: @ceriley Sam: @slamschultz Hank: @hankgreen

If you want to learn more about any of our main topics, check out these slinks:

Artificial sugars

http://www.madehow.com/Volume-3/Aspartame.html

https://sucralose.org/sucralose-facts/#:~:text=Sucralose%20is%20made%20by%20a,%2C%20but%20is%20calorie%2Dfree.

https://www.stevia.com/2016/10/03/how-is-stevia-leaf-extract-made/

https://science.howstuffworks.com/innovation/edible-innovations/artificial-sweetener8.htm

http://www.yalescientific.org/2010/09/mythbusters-does-sugar-really-make-children-hyper/

https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/article-abstract/391812

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7963081/

Photic sneezing

https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/why-does-bright-light-cau/

https://slink.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF03012675

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1042271/

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-019-41551-0

Milk and bones

Whale hearing

https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0118582

https://dosits.org/animals/sound-reception/marine-mammals-hear/hearing-in-cetaceans/

https://www.whoi.edu/oceanus/feature/how-to-see-what-whales-hear/

https://ocean.si.edu/ocean-life/marine-mammals/keeping-ear-out-whale-evolution

http://repository.ias.ac.in/4651/1/321.pdf

Duck swimming 

https://www.audubon.org/news/webbed-feet-are-evolutionary-hit

https://academic.oup.com/biolinnean/article/110/3/543/2415604

https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/veterinary-science-and-veterinary-medicine/uropygial-gland

https://academy.allaboutbirds.org/feathers-article/

Multivitamins

[Butt One More Thing]

Anal pouches

https://books.google.com/books?id=IETMd3-lSlkC&pg=PA99&lpg=PA99

https://www.wired.com/2015/01/creature-feature-10-fun-facts-fossa/

Glowing Things: is that a scientific topic? Yes, but not by much. In fact, we spend a lot of the episode figuring out of there even is a scientific definition of 'glow!' Very exciting!

Here's a little fun fact for all you Sam-heads out there: my favorite color is 'glow-in-the-dark green." That's right, I finally admit that I'm the one writing all these descriptions! I guess Ceri doesn't do everything after all, huh?! 

Peace,

Sam

Follow us on Twitter @SciShowTangents, where we’ll tweet out topics for upcoming episodes and you can ask the science couch questions! 

While you're at it, check out the Tangents crew on Twitter: Stefan: @itsmestefanchin Ceri: @ceriley Sam: @slamschultz Hank: @hankgreen

If you want to learn more about any of our main topics, check out these slinks:

[Truth or Fail]

Foxfire

https://allthatsinteresting.com/foxfire-bioluminescence#:~:text=Foxfire%20is%20the%20informal%20term,together%20to%20form%20a%20glow.

Submarine

https://www.warhistoryonline.com/instant-articles/david-bushnells-turtle-of-1776.html

https://www.history.navy.mil/research/library/online-reading-room/title-list-alphabetically/s/submarine-turtle-naval-documents.html

There is a LOT about this submarine, and a lot of it is contradictory! A very fun Google rabbit hole to fall down. 

[Fact Off]

Death fluorescence 

https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/blue-death-in-worms/

https://journals.plos.org/plosbiology/article?id=10.1371/journal.pbio.1001613

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3735983/

Picture: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3735983/figure/F1/

Video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y6S3D8Fy8N4

Millipede glowing genitals

https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/187/1/117/5475011?searchresult=1

The Brain Scoop video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SjNQUOYtZC0

[Ask the Science Couch]

Freezing glow sticks

https://www.compoundchem.com/2014/10/14/glowsticks/

https://www.thoughtco.com/how-do-lightsticks-work-607878

https://www2.chem.uic.edu/marek/apintropage/ap_notes/chapter18/rateseffectstempconcats.htm

[Butt One More Thing]

Glow Woims 

https://www.nytimes.com/2016/12/16/science/glow-worms-new-zealand.html

What do proteins do? Heck, an easier question to answer would be 'what don't they do?" No, seriously... I think they do, like, everything. 

Follow us on Twitter @SciShowTangents, where we’ll tweet out topics for upcoming episodes and you can ask the science couch questions! 

While you're at it, check out the Tangents crew on Twitter: Stefan: @itsmestefanchin Ceri: @ceriley Sam: @slamschultz Hank: @hankgreen

If you want to learn more about any of our main topics, check out these slinks:

[Truth or Fail]

Protein game

https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/victory-for-crowdsourced-biomolecule2/

Protein music

https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2019/06/190626125052.htm

Whey fabric

https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2017-01/ded-ssa012317.php

[Fact Off]

Prions in wine yeast

https://phys.org/news/2014-08-prions-trigger-stuck-wine-fermentations.html#:~:text=Working%20through%20a%20prion%E2%80%94an,without%20altering%20the%20yeast's%20DNA.

Spider silk in vaccines

https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/06/180612185155.htm

https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2018-06/udg-ank061218.php

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0142961218302473?via%3Dihub

http://news.mit.edu/2019/spider-silk-humidity-robotic-muscle-0301

[Ask the Science Couch]

Complete proteins

https://goaskalice.columbia.edu/answered-questions/complete-and-incomplete-proteins-grains-and-vegetables

https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/002467.htm

https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/002222.htm

https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2019-03/cfgr-utr031119.php

https://academic.oup.com/jn/article/134/6/1558S/4688841

[Butt One More Thing]

Sonic hedgehog anorectal malformation

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1850556/

What’s a frog? Well, it’s not quite a fish, and it’s not quite a lizard, but put them together and you have a stout, slimy little pal that everyone can agree on! Especially Ceri! 

Follow us on Twitter @SciShowTangents, where we’ll tweet out topics for upcoming episodes and you can ask the science couch questions! 

While you're at it, check out the Tangents crew on Twitter: Stefan: @itsmestefanchin Ceri: @ceriley Sam: @slamschultz Hank: @hankgreen

If you want to learn more about any of our main topics, check out these slinks:

[Truth or Fail]

Glue

Image of crucifix frog: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Holy_Cross_Frog.jpg

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-017-05473-z

https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn6492-frog-glue-repairs-damaged-cartilage/ 

Sand

Image of tadpoles: https://www.thehindu.com/migration_catalog/article14128847.ece/ALTERNATES/LANDSCAPE_1200/31th-frog2.jpg

http://www.bbc.com/earth/story/20160330-these-newly-discovered-frogs-have-really-weird-tadpoles

https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0151781

Suction

Image of paradox frog tadpole: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:NHM_London_Paradoxical_frog_(Pseudis_paradoxa)_model.jpg

https://www.mentalfloss.com/article/31509/what-big-baby-life-and-times-paradox-frog

https://www.mtpr.org/post/field-notes-tale-montanas-strangest-frog

[Fact Off]

Foam-nest frogs

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1D8b4e9nGwE

https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsbl.2009.0934

Frog cell robots

https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2020/01/200113175653.htm

https://www.pnas.org/content/117/4/1853

Video: https://movie-usa.glencoesoftware.com/video/10.1073/pnas.1910837117/video-1

[Ask the Science Couch]

Sticky frog tongues

https://theconversation.com/the-frog-tongue-is-a-high-speed-adhesive-72064

https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsif.2016.0764

https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2017/01/watch-frog-s-tongue-ultrasoft-shock-absorber

[Butt One More Thing]

Frog skin buttock graft

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2355278/?page=1

The Tangents crew needed to get out and enjoy some summer sun, so this week we're reposting our classic 'Bees' episode! Tune in next week for a new episode!

Do you ever just wonder, “are the bees doing okay?” They’re so important to our food industry and native ecosystems, and every couple of years it seems like something horribly bad is happening to them. So this week, we’re taking a look at the fascinating lives and deaths of bees! Can they recognize human faces or understand the concept of zero? Why are blister beetles mimicking sexy bee pheromones? And what do nightclubs and honeybee hives have in common? 

Follow us on Twitter @SciShowTangents, where we’ll tweet out topics for upcoming episodes and you can ask the science couch questions! 

While you're at it, check out the Tangents crew on Twitter: Stefan: @itsmestefanchin Ceri: @ceriley Sam: @slamschultz Hank: @hankgreen

If you want to learn more about any of our main topics, check out these slinks:

[Poem]

https://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2012/03/120316-hot-bee-balls-hornets-insects-brains-animals-science/

http://jeb.biologists.org/content/jexbio/206/2/353.full.pdf 

[Truth or Fail]

https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0184343

http://science.sciencemag.org/content/360/6393/1124

https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/insects-recognize-faces-using-processing-mechanism-similar-to-that-of-humans/ 

[Fact Off]

Blister beetles & ground bees: 

https://www.pnas.org/content/115/39/9756

https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/2018/09/bees-blister-beetles-evolution-parasites-pheromones-news/

http://entomology.ucdavis.edu/News/How_Blister_Beetle_Nest_Parasites_Cooperate_to_Mimic_the_Sex_Pheromone_of_a_Solitary_Bee/ 

Drunk bees:

https://www.theguardian.com/science/2001/dec/13/research.highereducation1

https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn22-boozing-bees/

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0741832905001497

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1074742708001433

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S002219100600165X 

[Ask the Science Couch]

CCD: 

https://www.epa.gov/pollinator-protection/colony-collapse-disorder

Glyphosate:

http://jeb.biologists.org/content/218/17/2799

https://www.glyphosate.eu/glyphosate-mechanism-action 

https://www.pnas.org/content/115/41/10305

Native bees:

https://www.wired.com/2015/04/youre-worrying-wrong-bees/

http://www.xerces.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/Xerces_policy_statement_HB_Final.pdf

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5722319/ 

[Butt One More Thing]

Isopentyl acetate:

https://www.extension.entm.purdue.edu/beehive/pdf/Breed_et_al.pdf 

https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/isoamyl_acetate#section=Top 

From toenails to T-cells, human bodies have a whole lot of moving parts, which means there’s ample opportunity for things to go not-quite-according-to-plan!

Follow us on Twitter @SciShowTangents, where we’ll tweet out topics for upcoming episodes and you can ask the science couch questions! 

While you're at it, check out the Tangents crew on Twitter: Stefan: @itsmestefanchin Ceri: @ceriley Sam: @slamschultz Hank: @hankgreen

If you want to learn more about any of our main topics, check out these slinks:

[Truth or Fail]

Salmonella

https://www.technologyreview.com/2007/09/25/223729/deadly-bacteria-from-outer-space/

https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/in-space-infectious-diseases-reveal-their-true-nature-19761956/)

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5515522/

UTI

https://www.theglobeandmail.com/technology/science/germs-in-space-tougher-and-deadlier/article694273/#:~:text=In%201970%2C%20Fred%20Haise%2C%20part,2006%20mission%2C%20including%20Pseudomonas%20aeruginosa.

https://history.nasa.gov/SP-350/ch-13-5.html

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23658630/

Green Muscle

https://extension.umd.edu/sites/extension.umd.edu/files/_docs/programs/poultry/IS1976%20Deep%20Pectoral%20Myopathy.pdf

Supplemental 

https://www.mentalfloss.com/article/547736/what-happens-when-astronaut-gets-sick-space#:~:text=Astronauts%20floating%20around%20in%20zero,can%20sometimes%20cause%20an%20injury.&text=That%20happened%20with%20spaceflight%2Dassociated,their%20eyes%20during%20space%20missions.

[Fact Off]

Fake Typhus epidemic

https://archive.org/stream/NavyMedicine198004/Navy%20Medicine%201980-04#page/n27/mode/2up

https://www.cdc.gov/typhus/epidemic/index.html

https://www.dshs.texas.gov/lab/serology_agg.shtm

https://amednews.com/article/20040705/profession/307059953/6/

https://academic.oup.com/trstmh/article-abstract/37/5/321/1898852?redirectedFrom=fulltext

Glaucoma T-cells

https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/08/180810091530.htm

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-018-05681-9

[Ask the Science Couch]

Multivalent vaccines

https://www.forbes.com/sites/brucelee/2018/12/28/how-about-6-vaccines-in-one-fda-approves-new-vaccine-from-sanofi-merck/#6c7e3c348f10

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.4161/hv.25407

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6069402/

[Butt One More Thing]

Mummy rectal tissue

https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0089528

https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2014-02/p-iom022514.php

The sea is filled with giant, super-smart aquatic mammals communicating across vast distances and using the stars to navigate. No jokes in this description! Whales are amazing!

Follow us on Twitter @SciShowTangents, where we’ll tweet out topics for upcoming episodes and you can ask the science couch questions! 

While you're at it, check out the Tangents crew on Twitter: Stefan: @itsmestefanchin Ceri: @ceriley Sam: @slamschultz Hank: @hankgreen

If you want to learn more about any of our main topics, check out these slinks:

Whale heartbeat

https://www.pnas.org/content/116/50/25329

https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2019-11/su-rrf112219.php

https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/researchers-measure-blue-whales-heart-rate-first-time-180973662/

https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2019/11/diving-blue-whales-heart-beats-very-very-slowly/602557/

Lunge feeding

https://www.nature.com/articles/nature11135

https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2015-05/uobc-gwh042815.php

https://www.americanscientist.org/article/the-ultimate-mouthful-lunge-feeding-in-rorqual-whales 

https://www.popsci.com/whale-nerve-cells-can-stretch 

https://slinkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0960982215002845

[Ask the Science Couch]

Whale navigation

https://www.wired.com/2011/04/humpback-whale-migration/

https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/full/10.1098/rsbl.2011.0279 

https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/solar-storms-might-throw-migrating-whales-course-180974278/

https://meridian.allenpress.com/jcr/article-abstract/doi/10.2112/SI75-111.1/29667/Coastal-Fronts-Utilized-by-Migrating-Humpback?redirectedFrom=PDF

https://www.livescience.com/63791-underwater-volcanoes-tasmania.html

[Butt One More Thing]

Anal syrup

http://whitelab.biology.dal.ca/rwb/kogiastat.pdf

https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/species/pygmy-sperm-whale

https://www.sciencefocus.com/nature/slimy-saliva-sticky-tongues-and-anal-syrup-3-of-the-slimiest-creatures-in-the-animal-kingdom/

Humanity’s quest for flight has been, all things considered, extremely successful! Sure, we aren’t all zipping around in jetpacks yet… but honestly I don’t think we’re ready for jetpacks. 

Follow us on Twitter @SciShowTangents, where we’ll tweet out topics for upcoming episodes and you can ask the science couch questions! 

While you're at it, check out the Tangents crew on Twitter: Stefan: @itsmestefanchin Ceri: @ceriley Sam: @slamschultz Hank: @hankgreen

If you want to learn more about any of our main topics, check out these slinks:

[Truth or Fail]

Donut-shaped aircraft

https://worldwide.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/originalDocument?CC=US&NR=2014319274A1&KC=A1&FT=D&ND=3&date=20141030&DB=EPODOC&locale=en_EP

https://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/flying-saucer-patents-alexander-weygers

https://patents.google.com/patent/US2377835A/en

Williams X-Jet

https://patents.google.com/patent/US4447024

https://www.theguardian.com/science/2000/sep/14/technology2

More pictures: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Williams_X-Jet#/media/File:Williams_X-Jet_-_side_view.jpg

Flying magic carpet 

https://books.google.com/books?id=biYDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA94&lpg=PA94&

https://www.theverge.com/2011/11/3/2504531/jetpack-history-future-passed

[Fact Off]

First aerial photograph

https://www.geriwalton.com/felix-nadars-giant-balloon-le-geant/#:~:text=Felix%20Nadar's%20giant%20balloon%2C%20or,known%20by%20the%20pseudonym%20Nadar.&text=Caricature%20of%20Nadar%20as%20a%20ballooning%20photographer.

https://www.theguardian.com/books/2015/dec/23/books-felix-nadar-france-photography-flight

http://www.artinsociety.com/the-adventures-of-nadar-photography-ballooning-invention--the-impressionists.html

https://papa.clubexpress.com/content.aspx?page_id=22&club_id=808138&module_id=158950

Drone organ transport

https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2019-04/uomm-uom042619.php

https://www.jems.com/2020/01/29/new-partnership-in-drone-delivery-system-for-human-organs/

https://weare.techohio.ohio.gov/2019/10/30/vyrtx-pioneers-air-corridor-for-drone-delivery-of-organs/

[Ask the Science Couch]

Alberto Santos-Dumont

https://www.britannica.com/biography/Alberto-Santos-Dumont

https://www.cnet.com/news/were-the-wright-brothers-really-first-not-in-brazil/

https://www.cnn.com/2003/TECH/ptech/12/10/brazil.santosdumont.reut/

http://www.wright-brothers.org/History_Wing/History_of_the_Airplane/Who_Was_First/Santos_Dumont/Santos_Dumont.htm

[Butt One More Thing]

Airplane stinky poop

http://www.bbc.co.uk/newsbeat/article/31908620/ba-flight-forced-to-land-early-because-of-smelly-poo

From the joyful to the hateful to the extremely weird, the Internet is all of the complexity of human thought given shape! And boy do humans think about cats and sex a lot!

I hope you're all doing well! 

Follow us on Twitter @SciShowTangents, where we’ll tweet out topics for upcoming episodes and you can ask the science couch questions! 

While you're at it, check out the Tangents crew on Twitter: Stefan: @itsmestefanchin Ceri: @ceriley Sam: @slamschultz Hank: @hankgreen

If you want to learn more about any of our main topics, check out these slinks:

[Truth or Fail]

Lo:

https://www.cbsnews.com/news/first-message-sent-over-the-internet-45-years-ago/#:~:text=The%20programmers%20attempted%20to%20type,message%20about%20an%20hour%20later.

First Email: http://www.computinghistory.org.uk/det/6116/First-e-mail-sent-by-Ray-Tomlinson/

[Fact Off]

IPoAC

https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2549

https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1149

https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-11325452

http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8248056.stm

Online therapy

https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2020-05/ki-eoi051220.php

https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapsychiatry/article-abstract/2765960

[Ask the Science Couch]

Deep web vs. dark web

https://www.britannica.com/story/whats-the-difference-between-the-deep-web-and-the-dark-web

https://computer.howstuffworks.com/internet/basics/how-the-deep-web-works.htm

https://us.norton.com/internetsecurity-how-to-how-can-i-access-the-deep-web.html

[Butt One More Thing]

Internet yoga pants

https://www.vogue.com/article/nadi-x-wearable-technology-yoga-pants-smart-bluetooth-haptic

Here slinks to more podcasts by Black creators:

If you want to learn more about any of our main topics, check out these slinks:

[Truth or Fail]

Hot Dog Allergy 

https://spoonuniversity.com/lifestyle/hot-dog-allergie

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1994783/

Cat-Pork

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3594363/

Parent Spit

https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2013/05/06/180817114/parents-saliva-on-pacifiers-could-ward-off-babys-allergies

[Fact Off]

Thunderstorm asthma

https://academic.oup.com/qjmed/article/106/3/207/1565254

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/cea.12709

https://www.smh.com.au/lifestyle/thunderstorm-asthma-the-night-a-deadly-storm-took-melbournes-breath-away-20170308-gut8ur.html

https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2016/nov/27/thunderstorm-asthma-oure-talking-an-event-equivalent-to-a-terrorist-attack

Langerhans cells

https://www.popsci.com/allergy-immunotherapy-toothpaste/

https://allovate.com/how-allerdent-works/

[Ask the Science Couch]

Allergies & public horticulture

https://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/seasonal-allergies-blame-male-trees

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S016920461100137X

https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2015-08/asoa-hpc082615.php

[Butt One More Thing]

Milk allergy fecal transplant

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41591-018-0324-z

I've got a fever... and the only prescription... is more SciShow Tangents! Remember that? 

All kidding aside, in this episode we say goodbye to a dear friend.

Rest in peace, Ceri's Blanket Fort. 2020-2020

Follow us on Twitter @SciShowTangents, where we’ll tweet out topics for upcoming episodes and you can ask the science couch questions! 

While you're at it, check out the Tangents crew on Twitter: Stefan: @itsmestefanchin Ceri: @ceriley Sam: @slamschultz Hank: @hankgreen

If you want to learn more about any of our main topics, check out these links:

[Truth or Fail]

Cleaner Shrimp

https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/08/180823092057.htm

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs00227-018-3379-y

Dolphin letter

https://web.archive.org/web/20111205105601/http://explore.georgetown.edu/news/?ID=57991&PageTemplateID=295

Stressed Mice

https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2005/07/050729063608.htm

https://www.fda.gov/consumers/consumer-updates/hyperbaric-oxygen-therapy-dont-be-misled

[Fact Off]

Ant Medics

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/ajp.1350160407

https://www.nationalgeographic.com/news/2018/02/matabele-ants-rescue-heal-injured-soldiers/

https://www.latimes.com/science/sciencenow/la-sci-sn-paramedic-ants-20180216-story.html

https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/full/10.1098/rspb.2017.2457

Two-Headed Flatworms

https://www.cell.com/biophysj/fulltext/S0006-3495(17)30427-7

https://journals.plos.org/ploscompbiol/article?id=10.1371/journal.pcbi.1002481

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0005273612000855

[Ask the Science Couch]

Scar tissue vs. normal tissue

https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-018-07430-w

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3840475/

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4352699/

https://medicine.yale.edu/dermatology/dermsurg/Chapter%2018%20Time%20and%20Care%20Heals%20All%20Wounds_36907_284_5_v1.pdf

Reducing scarring

https://medschool.cuanschutz.edu/surgery/specialties/endocrine/patient-care/adrenalectomy/scar-management

https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/wellness-and-prevention/everyday-cuts-and-scrapes-how-to-prevent-scarring

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3842869/

Fetal wound healing

https://hsci.harvard.edu/skin-regeneration-and-rejuvenation

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4229131/

[Butt One More Thing]

Cow poop poultice

https://books.google.com/books?id=0y6gAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA223&lpg=PA223&dq=In+dung#v=onepage&q=In%20dung&f=false

https://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/dictionary/english/poultice

Kicking the ball, passing another type of ball, running around the big arena and making a point! SciShow Tangents knows one thing and that one thing is SPORTS! 

And Hank sings another song! 

Follow us on Twitter @SciShowTangents, where we’ll tweet out topics for upcoming episodes and you can ask the science couch questions! 

While you're at it, check out the Tangents crew on Twitter: Stefan: @itsmestefanchin Ceri: @ceriley Sam: @slamschultz Hank: @hankgreen

If you want to learn more about any of our main topics, check out these links:

[Truth or Fail]

Crowd Noise

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/45821302_Crowd_Noise_as_a_Cue_in_Referee_Decisions_Contributes_to_the_Home_Advantage

https://www.earq.com/hearing-health/articles/going-to-a-football-game

https://www.hear-the-world.com/en/media/media-releases/world-cup-fans-warned-about-risk-of-hearing-damage-from-vuvuzela

RoboCup

https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=350&v=H8xc6LpiNVs&feature=emb_title

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7vKuhopzAZQ

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-neayQX3K30

https://www.forbes.com/sites/annatobin/2019/06/25/what-to-expect-from-robocup-2019-the-robotics-soccer-world-cup-kicks-off-july-2/#484935147485

https://www.robocup.org/leagues/3

HudGlasses

https://newatlas.com/form-ar-swim-goggles/60985/

https://www.dcrainmaker.com/2018/04/everysight-cycling-display.html

[Fact Off]

Rats playing hide-and-seek

https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2019/09/why-scientists-taught-rats-play-hide-and-seek/597799/

https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2019/09/lab-rats-play-hide-and-seek-fun-it-new-study-shows

https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/guest-blog/so-you-think-you-know-why-animals-play/

https://www.nytimes.com/2019/01/07/science/animals-play-games.html

https://science.sciencemag.org/lookup/doi/10.1126/science.aax4705

Empathy video game

https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2018-08/uow-avg080918.php

https://news.wisc.edu/a-video-game-can-change-the-brain-may-improve-empathy-in-middle-schoolers/

[Ask the Science Couch]

Getting competitive about games

www.nbcnews.com/better/pop-culture/why-board-games-bring-out-worst-us-ncna828726

www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2014-06/uoc--yga061314.php

www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2016-06/ucl-ddm053116.php

www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2018-06/s-tsh062818.php

Parasocial relationships & sports fans

https://digitalscholarship.unlv.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1963&context=thesesdissertations

https://surface.syr.edu/thesis/358/

https://www.units.miamioh.edu/psybersite/fans/sit.shtml

https://digitalscholarship.unlv.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2368&context=thesesdissertations

[Butt One More Thing]

Butt controller

https://phys.org/news/2013-12-valve-mouth-mouse-butt-gadgets-video.html

Mammals pretty much have the market cornered on hair, and you know all the other types of animals are jealous of us. Imagine a little lizard with bangs or something? It just wouldn’t be right. Sorry!

Follow us on Twitter @SciShowTangents, where we’ll tweet out topics for upcoming episodes and you can ask the science couch questions! 

While you're at it, check out the Tangents crew on Twitter: Stefan: @itsmestefanchin Ceri: @ceriley Sam: @slamschultz Hank: @hankgreen

If you want to learn more about any of our main topics, check out these links:

[Truth or Fail]

Camarillo white horse

https://books.google.com/books?id=WyYDAAAAMBAJ&pg=RA1-PA216&lpg=RA1-PA216&dq=%22telescopic+sight%22+spider+silk#v=onepage&q=%22telescopic%20sight%22%20spider%20silk&f=false

https://vgl.ucdavis.edu/services/horse/CamarilloWhite.php

https://www.camarillowhitehorses.org/history_camarillo_white_horses.html

African crested rat

https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/full/10.1098/rspb.2011.1169

https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2011/08/case-poisonous-rat

https://www.livescience.com/15360-crested-rat-poison-hairs-kills.html

Malabar giant squirrel

https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/2019/04/indian-giant-squirrels-colors-camouflage/

https://www.theguardian.com/environment/shortcuts/2017/jan/08/colour-changing-cats-warn-radioactive-waste-nuclear-plants-distant-descendants

[Fact Off]

Hyena poop hair preservation

https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/257000-years-ago-a-hyena-ate-some-human-hair-and-probably-the-rest-of-the-person-too-419574/

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S030544031300160X

Graphene hair dye

https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2018-03/nu-gfn031218.php

https://www.cell.com/chem/fulltext/S2451-9294(18)30082-2?_returnURL=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS2451929418300822%3Fshowall%3Dtrue

[Ask the Science Couch]

Grey hair

www.scientificamerican.com/article/why-does-hair-turn-gray/

https://science.sciencemag.org/content/307/5710/720

https://www.cell.com/cell/fulltext/S0092-8674(05)00293-X?

https://www.fasebj.org/doi/full/10.1096/fj.08-125435

Stress

www.theguardian.com/science/2020/jan/22/stress-speeds-up-hair-greying-process-science-confirms

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-020-1935-3

https://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/hair-turn-gray-2017091812226

[Butt One More Thing]

Trichobezoar 

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3083501/

Salt: the mineral so nice that much of early human civilization was based on its procurement! Now we put big chunks of it on tasty pretzels at the mall! If some ancient Greek person saw a big salty pretzel, I bet he'd be very excited and proud of us. Actually, they might have had pretzels back then, let me look. Nope doesn't look like they did, so I stand by my statement. 

Follow us on Twitter @SciShowTangents, where we’ll tweet out topics for upcoming episodes and you can ask the science couch questions! 

While you're at it, check out the Tangents crew on Twitter: Stefan: @itsmestefanchin Ceri: @ceriley Sam: @slamschultz Hank: @hankgreen

If you want to learn more about any of our main topics, check out these links:

[Truth or Fail]

Salt Hotels

https://www.lunasaladahotel.com.bo/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palacio_de_Sal

Lake Peigneur

https://gizmodo.com/thirty-years-ago-a-louisiana-lake-turned-into-a-swirli-5695711

https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2209&dat=19801121&id=mKUrAAAAIBAJ&sjid=0vwFAAAAIBAJ&pg=7170,4208269&hl=en

Underwater Icicles

https://science.howstuffworks.com/environmental/earth/oceanography/underwater-brinicles.htm

[Fact Off]

Coconut water IV

http://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/14/12/5144

https://podcasts.ufhealth.org/can-coconut-water-mimic-human-plasma/ 

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0735675700900627

https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2011/08/15/139638930/saved-by-the-coconut-water-parsing-coconut-waters-medical-claims 

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK154437/ 

Salt flats for satellite calibration

https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Characterization-of-the-Salar-de-Uyuni-for-in-orbit-Lamparelli-Ponzoni/6b6a5037f838a2342d5681b642944fd68c775551

https://academic.oup.com/gji/article/172/1/31/2081107

https://www.nature.com/news/2007/071130/full/news.2007.315.html

[Ask the Science Couch]

Salt in a wound history

https://books.google.com/books?id=29gV_kCmZrIC&pg=PA141

https://www.abc.net.au/life/will-sea-water-help-heal-open-sores/11279036

http://utc.iath.virginia.edu/abolitn/abestwa8t.html

Saline solution

https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2018/03/31/597666140/why-did-sterile-salt-water-become-the-iv-fluid-of-choice

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4794509/

Nociception

https://nba.uth.tmc.edu/neuroscience/m/s2/chapter06.html

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK32659/

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2903433/

[Butt One More Thing]

Rectal salt glands

https://www.jstor.org/stable/1541076?seq=1

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5216465/

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00364827.1963.10410275?journalCode=ssar20

Humans have been digging deep holes for fun and profit since time began, and some animals have been doing it for way longer than that! And all of those holes can't hold a candle to some of the natural holes the Earth's got going on. And those are nothing compared to space, which some (Sam) would argue is the biggest hole of all!

Follow us on Twitter @SciShowTangents, where we’ll tweet out topics for upcoming episodes and you can ask the science couch questions! 

While you're at it, check out the Tangents crew on Twitter: Stefan: @itsmestefanchin Ceri: @ceriley Sam: @slamschultz Hank: @hankgreen

If you want to learn more about any of our main topics, check out these links:

[Truth or Fail]

Termite mounds: https://www.cell.com/current-biology/fulltext/S0960-9822(18)31287-9?_returnURL=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS0960982218312879%3Fshowall%3Dtrue

Band of holes: https://www.sciencealert.com/is-this-mile-long-strip-of-holes-an-ancient-inca-tax-system

Molecular drills: https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsami.9b22595#

Roman skin cream: http://cenblog.org/artful-science/2013/01/14/ancient-roman-cosmetics-skin-cream-from-the-2nd-century-a-d/

[Fact Off]

Ant colony fallen through hole

Pictures in this paper: https://jhr.pensoft.net/articles.php?id=9096&display_type=element&element_type=4&element_id=43&element_name=

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s000400050022

https://arstechnica.com/science/2016/09/bizarre-ant-colony-discovered-in-an-abandoned-polish-nuclear-weapons-bunker/

https://www.popsci.com/story/science/ant-colony-escape/

https://jhr.pensoft.net/article/38972/

Star-nosed mole nose holes

https://news.vanderbilt.edu/2006/12/20/scientist-discovers-some-mammals-can-smell-objects-under-water-58788/

https://www.nytimes.com/2006/12/26/science/26bubble.html

https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn10834-star-nosed-mole-can-sniff-underwater-videos-reveal/

https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2017/11/171120090051.htm

https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2017/04/170424084028.htm

[Ask the Science Couch]

Sinkholes / blue holes

https://www.whoi.edu/oceanus/feature/blue-holes-and-hurricanes/

http://geology.wlu.edu/intro3d/sinkhole/sinkhole.html

https://www.usgs.gov/special-topic/water-science-school/science/sinkholes?qt-science_center_objects=0#qt-science_center_objects

https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/explore-worlds-deepest-blue-holes-180959977/

Flooded pit caves

https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/sep/30/worlds-deepest-underwater-cave-found-czech-republic-hranice-abyss

https://www.nationalgeographic.com/adventure/destinations/europe/czech-republic/deepest-underwater-cave-discovered/

Mariana trench

https://www.nationalgeographic.org/activity/mariana-trench-deepest-place-earth/

Kola Superdeep Borehole

https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smithsonian-institution/ask-smithsonian-whats-deepest-hole-ever-dug-180954349/

[Butt One More Thing]

Scorpion anus

https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2015/01/when-attacked-some-scorpions-discard-their-stinger-and-their-anus

It's both Earth Day and Arbor Day this week! Ok, nature, we get it! We should appreciate you more!

Hope you're all well! Enjoy!

Follow us on Twitter @SciShowTangents, where we’ll tweet out topics for upcoming episodes and you can ask the science couch questions! 

While you're at it, check out the Tangents crew on Twitter: Stefan: @itsmestefanchin Ceri: @ceriley Sam: @slamschultz Hank: @hankgreen

If you want to learn more about any of our main topics, check out these links:

[Truth or Fail]

Dragon’s Blood Tree

https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/2018/11/socotra-yemen-biodiversity-photography/

https://owlcation.com/stem/The-Dragon-Blood-Tree-of-Socotra-Island-Dracaena-cinnabari

Dynamite Tree

https://keys.lucidcentral.org/keys/v3/eafrinet/weeds/key/weeds/Media/Html/Hura_crepitans_(Sandbox_Tree).htm

https://asknature.org/strategy/evaporation-releases-seeds/

West Tall Coconut

http://www.agritech.tnau.ac.in/expert_system/coconut/coconut/coconut_varieties.html

https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/coconuts-kill-more-sharks/

[Fact Off]

Vampire stump

https://www.cell.com/iscience/fulltext/S2589-0042(19)30146-4
https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2019-07/cp-ats071819.php
https://www.livescience.com/66025-kauri-tree-superorganism-root-grafting.html
https://www.nytimes.com/2019/07/25/science/tree-stump-alive.html

Ghost redwoods

https://www.mercurynews.com/2010/11/28/albino-redwoods-hold-scientific-mystery/

https://sempervirens.org/discover-redwoods/ghost-redwoods-solving-the-albino-redwoods-mystery/

https://ucanr.edu/sites/Redwood2016/files/250645.pdf

https://ucanr.edu/sites/Redwood2016/files/243400.pdf

[Ask the Science Couch]

Tree definition

https://www.americanforests.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/AF-Tree-Measuring-Guidelines_LR.pdf

Willows

https://oregonstate.edu/trees/broadleaf_genera/willow.html

https://www.thoughtco.com/worlds-smallest-tree-species-1343503

Bonsai / Pygmy Forests

https://www.pubs.ext.vt.edu/content/dam/pubs_ext_vt_edu/426/426-601/426-601_pdf.pdf

Other trees

https://extension.uga.edu/publications/detail.html?number=C944&title=Crape%20Myrtle%20Culture

http://www.pnwplants.wsu.edu/PlantDisplay.aspx?PlantID=169

[Butt One More Thing]

Butt rot

https://hortnews.extension.iastate.edu/2007/7-11/root_butt_rot.html

https://www.fs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/stelprdb5347109.pdf

Real robots have more and more in common with science fiction robots every day. Not enough that you need to worry about them rising up against humans, but you should maybe consider being nicer to your smartphone...

Follow us on Twitter @SciShowTangents, where we’ll tweet out topics for upcoming episodes and you can ask the science couch questions! 

While you're at it, check out the Tangents crew on Twitter: Stefan: @itsmestefanchin Ceri: @ceriley Sam: @slamschultz Hank: @hankgreen

If you want to learn more about any of our main topics, check out these links:

[Truth or Fail]

Plesiosaur Swimming

https://www.pbs.org/newshour/science/odd-swimming-style-plesiosaurs-decoded-robot

https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rspb.2017.0951

RangerBot

https://www.hakaimagazine.com/news/rangerbot-programmed-to-kill/

https://www.sciencealert.com/rangerbot-great-barrier-reef-conservation-crown-of-thorns-starfish

https://www.qut.edu.au/news?id=137688

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7zjKTvj0lB4

Firefighting Robot

https://www.theverge.com/2015/2/5/7986345/firefighting-robot-saffir-prototype-us-navy

Lifeguard Robot

https://mentitude.com/ocean-alpha-dolphin-1-unmanned-usrv/

[Fact Off]

Clothing robot
http://www.news.gatech.edu/2018/05/14/robot-teaches-itself-how-dress-people
https://futurism.com/pr2-ai-robot-dressing-gown
https://robots.ieee.org/robots/pr2/

Video of the dressing: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RYj7gHQ_fwY

Parasitic turtle robots

https://www.newscientist.com/article/2130292-parasitic-robot-controls-turtle-its-riding-by-giving-it-snacks/

https://phys.org/news/2017-05-parasitic-robot-waypoint-turtle.html

[Ask the Science Couch]

Synthetic skin

https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/encyclopedia/content.aspx?contenttypeid=85&contentid=P01336

https://robotics.sciencemag.org/content/4/32/eaax2198

https://www.tum.de/nc/en/about-tum/news/press-releases/details/35732/

https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8812712

OmniSkin

https://robotics.sciencemag.org/content/3/22/eaat1853

https://www.theverge.com/2018/9/24/17895328/robotic-skin-flexible-soft-robotics-yale-nasa-space

https://www.smithsonianmag.com/innovation/these-robotic-skins-turn-everyday-objects-into-robots-180970328/

[Butt One More Thing]

 https://www.sciencealert.com/this-robotic-rectum-lets-doctors-get-a-feel-for-prostate-exams

https://www.telegraph.co.uk/science/2016/07/04/robotic-rectum-developed-to-help-doctors-get-to-bottom-of-prosta/

It's Spring here in the Northern Hemisphere, and the rivers swell with crystal clear snowmelt from tall mountain peaks... and we're all stuck inside and can't really look at it! Dang it! So I guess close your eyes and imagine floating down a beautiful river with your favorite podcast hosts as they drone on and on about bridges and salmon and stuff.  

Again, a big thanks for choosing us as the thing to spend your time with! Be well, everyone! 

Follow us on Twitter @SciShowTangents, where we’ll tweet out topics for upcoming episodes and you can ask the science couch questions! 

While you're at it, check out the Tangents crew on Twitter: Stefan: @itsmestefanchin Ceri: @ceriley Sam: @slamschultz Hank: @hankgreen

If you want to learn more about any of our main topics, check out these links:

[Truth or Fail]

Kites

http://www.kitehistory.com/Miscellaneous/Homan_Walsh.htm

https://www.uu.edu/dept/physics/scienceguys/2004Apr.cfm

https://books.google.com/books/about/The_Kite_that_Bridged_Two_Nations.html?id=7tukmQEACAAJ

Stone-carving

https://www.asce.org/project/five-stone-arch-bridges/

Explosions

http://www.bbc.com/travel/sponsored/story/20160815-the-buddha-that-calmed-the-seas

https://www.theatlantic.com/culture/archive/2011/02/why-is-ottawa-blowing-up-its-river/338889/

https://www.nap.edu/read/6289/chapter/3#16

[Fact Off]

Salmon & sea lions

https://wildlife.org/sea-lions-to-be-culled-to-protect-salmon/

https://www.oregonlive.com/pacific-northwest-news/2018/03/battle_of_species_pits_protect.html

https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2019/01/killing-sea-lions-save-salmon/581740/

https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/west-coast/endangered-species-conservation/adult-upstream-passage-west-coast

https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/fish-ladder.html

Wildebeest bones

https://www.pnas.org/content/114/29/7647

https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fevo.2020.00031/full#h6

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S2352249618300429?via%3Dihub

https://news.uga.edu/animal-carcasses-source-river-nutrients/

[Ask the Science Couch]

Rivers on Titan

https://www.nasa.gov/feature/the-mysterious-lakes-on-saturns-moon-titan

https://www.nasa.gov/feature/jpl/cassini-explores-a-methane-sea-on-titan

https://www.space.com/36904-titan-evolution-more-like-mars-than-earth.html

[Butt One More Thing]

The Great Stink

http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/trail/victorian_britain/social_conditions/victorian_urban_planning_04.shtml

https://www.open.edu/openlearn/science-maths-technology/engineering-technology/how-london-got-its-victorian-sewers

Ducks! Basically a joke of an animal, if we're being perfectly honest. They make silly noises, the waddle around, they are extremely cute and goofy looking, and they love to swim around in big piles of money! 

And look, you might see the title and think 'a duck isn't science.' Well i've learned a thing or two from those eggheads on the science couch and I can definitely say that you are wrong! It turns out, everything is science! Seems like a cop out, but it's true.

Anyway, we sincerely hope everyone out there is doing well and staying safe! Love you guys! 

Follow us on Twitter @SciShowTangents, where we’ll tweet out topics for upcoming episodes and you can ask the science couch questions! 

While you're at it, check out the Tangents crew on Twitter: Stefan: @itsmestefanchin Ceri: @ceriley Sam: @slamschultz Hank: @hankgreen

If you want to learn more about any of our main topics, check out these links:

[Definition] 

Duck mating

https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rspb.2009.2139

https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0000418

https://www.nature.com/articles/news.2009.1159

[Truth or Fail]

Sperm

https://www.livescience.com/1279-rival-sperm-hook-cooperate.html

Mallard Bills

https://www.livescience.com/13681-duck-ejaculate-sperm-antibiotic-beaks-110412.html

[Fact Off]

Duck Imprinting

http://sitn.hms.harvard.edu/flash/2017/getting-ducklings-row-look-inside-animal-mind-2/

http://sitn.hms.harvard.edu/flash/2017/getting-ducklings-row-look-inside-animal-mind-2/

Duck hearing

https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2018-09/uod-wdd092518.php

https://www.udel.edu/udaily/2018/august/graduate-student-works-on-training-ducks-hearing-fishing-nets/

https://www.usgs.gov/centers/pwrc/science/air-and-underwater-hearing-abilities-seabirds?qt-science_center_objects=0#qt-science_center_objects

[Ask the Science Couch]

Quacks

sounds: https://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/Mallard/sounds

https://www.pressconnects.com/story/news/local/2019/03/04/ask-scientist-ducks-quack-several-different-reasons/3009779002/

https://www.ducks.org/conservation/waterfowl-research-science/waterfowl-vocalizations

Syrinx

https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2018/10/bird-voice-box-one-kind-animal-kingdom

https://www.theguardian.com/science/2016/oct/12/oldest-fossil-of-birds-voicebox-gives-new-hint-at-soundscape-of-the-cretaceous-syrinx

Duck quack echoes

sounds: http://www.acoustics.salford.ac.uk/acoustics_info/duck/

http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/3086890.stm

[Butt One More Thing]

Fly that only breeds in duck poop

https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/new-species-fly-found-breeding-central-park-duck-droppings-180965118/

https://zookeys.pensoft.net/article/13411/element/2/12/

Hey gang, here’s another episode recorded before social distancing set in. We hope all of our listeners out there continue to stay safe and be well, and again, we are honored that you choose to spend some of this time with us. Thank you and enjoy the show!

This episode has a little bit of everything: the French Revolution, haunted amulets, mummies (maybe??)... why, it's like a regular Night at the Museum! Have fun!

Follow us on Twitter @SciShowTangents, where we’ll tweet out topics for upcoming episodes and you can ask the science couch questions! 

While you're at it, check out the Tangents crew on Twitter: Stefan: @itsmestefanchin Ceri: @ceriley Sam: @slamschultz Hank: @hankgreen

If you want to learn more about any of our main topics, check out these links:

[Truth or Fail]

Da Vinci’s Faces

https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/07/100715090917.htm

First Museum:

https://theconversation.com/hidden-women-of-history-ennigaldi-nanna-curator-of-the-worlds-first-museum-116431

https://io9.gizmodo.com/the-story-behind-the-worlds-oldest-museum-built-by-a-b-5805358

Woman Hit By Meteorite

http://www.slate.com/blogs/atlas_obscura/2015/06/02/the_hodges_meteorite_is_one_of_the_few_space_to_ever_strike_a_human.html?wpisrc=obnetwork

http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu//full/1995LPI....26.1133P/0001133.000.html?high=484678bbd531063

[Fact Off]

Blaschka glass scientific models

http://www.cmog.org/article/blaschkas-glass-models-invertebrate-animals-1863-1890

https://web.archive.org/web/20160411221330/http://www.journalofantiques.com/Feb04/featurefeb04.htm

These three links include info + pictures:

https://digital.library.cornell.edu/collections/blaschka

http://hmnh.harvard.edu/glass-flowers

https://hmnh.harvard.edu/fruits-decay

Spider Museum

https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20160413-the-museum-filled-with-poisonous-spiders-that-just-wont-die

https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/2693514#page/430/mode/1up

https://roaring.earth/venomous-spiders-haunt-museum-just-wont-die/

https://horizonpestcontrol.com/venomous-chilean-spider-infestation/

[Ask the Science Couch]

Painting restoration

https://www.si.edu/mci/english/learn_more/taking_care/conservation_meaning.html

https://www.invaluable.com/blog/the-science-behind-art-restoration/

Sculptures

https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/modern-chemistry-techniques-save-ancient-art/

https://www.chemistryworld.com/features/the-art-of-conservation/3009092.article

Bacteria

https://www.wired.com/2011/11/st-artrestoremicro/

Hey everyone, things are a little different now than they were a couple weeks ago when we recorded this one. COVID-19 is impacting us all, and we just want to say that we hope you and yours are well. Thank you for choosing to spend your time with us every week. We will keep trying to do our part to make you smile and teach you stuff along the way. 

We love you guys! Take care of yourselves.

Space… it’s big, it’s confusing, and there isn’t any gravity! That’s why we have a dedicated team of people up in the International Space Station running all kinds of experiments to try and figure out just what the heck is even going on up there. 

You truly have no idea how much of us ordering Popeye’s I had to cut out of this. This was definitely our longest recording session ever and I was livid!

Follow us on Twitter @SciShowTangents, where we’ll tweet out topics for upcoming episodes and you can ask the science couch questions! 

While you're at it, check out the Tangents crew on Twitter: Stefan: @itsmestefanchin Ceri: @ceriley Sam: @slamschultz Hank: @hankgreen

If you want to learn more about any of our main topics, check out these links:

[Truth or Fail]

https://www.nasa.gov/audience/forstudents/9-12/features/spacescents_feature.html

https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/research/experiments/explorer/Investigation.html?#id=187

https://phys.org/news/2011-03-chicken-fat-biofuel-eco-friendly-jet.html

https://spinoff.nasa.gov/spinoff2002/ch_1.html

[Fact Off]

Wake Shield Facility

https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19920014405

https://er.jsc.nasa.gov/seh/pg46s95.html

https://uwaterloo.ca/molecular-beam-epitaxy/about/what-epitaxy

https://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2002/03jan_bioniceyes

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0042207X01003839

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S009457650000148X

Image: https://archive.org/details/STS069-724-095

Mouse sperm experiment

https://www.pnas.org/content/114/23/5988

http://iss.jaxa.jp/en/kiboexp/theme/second/pmlatter/spacepup/

[Ask the Science Couch]

Human pregnancy

https://emergency.cdc.gov/radiation/pdf/prenatal.pdf

https://www.livescience.com/33047-space-sex-pregnancy.html

https://www.thoughtco.com/can-women-get-pregnant-in-space-3072590

NASA sperm study

https://futurism.com/sperm-space-nasa

Space childbirth startup

https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2019/01/space-childbirth-babies/579064/

Other animal development

https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/article/what-space-jellyfish-tell-us-about-interplanetary-travel/

https://www.popsci.com/article/technology/space-born-jellyfish-hate-life-earth/

https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/wnjkkw/making-babies-in-space-may-be-a-terrible-idea

[Butt One More Thing]

Flatworms in space

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/reg2.79 

SciShow Tangents editorial assistant/genius Deboki Chakravarti joins us once more to talk about that sweet sand we all love so much: sugar!

Follow us on Twitter @SciShowTangents, where we’ll tweet out topics for upcoming episodes and you can ask the science couch questions! 

While you're at it, check out the Tangents crew on Twitter: Stefan: @itsmestefanchin Ceri: @ceriley Sam: @slamschultz Deboki: @okidoki_boki

If you want to learn more about any of our main topics, check out these links:

[Truth or Fail]

[Definition]

https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/09/13/493739074/50-years-ago-sugar-industry-quietly-paid-scientists-to-point-blame-at-fat

https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamainternalmedicine/fullarticle/2548255 

https://slate.com/technology/2018/03/big-sugar-isnt-to-blame-for-steering-us-away-from-fat.html 

[Truth or Fail]

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5434031/

https://www.sciencedaily.com/terms/nicotine.htm

https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/2019/01/flowers-can-hear-bees-and-make-their-nectar-sweeter/

https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2016-05/ncsu-njd051816.php

https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/2019/01/flowers-can-hear-bees-and-make-their-nectar-sweeter/

[Fact Off]

Honeypot ants

https://www.nationalgeographic.org/media/honey-ant-adaptations-wbt/

https://www.nature.com/articles/025405a0

https://books.google.com/books?id=E_6-pGOLUgcC&pg=PA25#v=onepage&q&f=false

https://abt.ucpress.edu/content/48/6/335

Picture: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:HoneyAnt.jpg

Picture: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honeypot_ant#/media/File:Honey_Ants_(7344580116).jpg

Sugar dust explosion

https://www.csb.gov/imperial-sugar-company-dust-explosion-and-fire/

https://www.ajc.com/blog/investigations/decade-after-deadly-imperial-sugar-explosion-still-new-worker-safety-standards/qpKHscUPUZ77EKEtclCCMN/

https://sma.nasa.gov/docs/default-source/safety-messages/safetymessage-2011-02-07-imperialsugarcompanydustexplosion-vits.pdf?sfvrsn=7eae1ef8_4

[Ask the Science Couch]

Hyperactivity

https://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/88/5/960.long?sso=1&sso_redirect_count=1&nfstatus=401&nftoken=00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000000&nfstatusdescription=ERROR%3a+No+local+token

https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/002221948301600604

https://www.webmd.com/add-adhd/childhood-adhd/what-is-the-feingold-diet#1

https://www.livescience.com/55754-does-sugar-make-kids-hyper.html

Addiction

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2235907/

https://bjsm.bmj.com/content/52/14/910

https://news.psu.edu/story/141336/2006/01/16/research/probing-question-sugar-addictive

https://www.huffpost.com/entry/sugar-addiction-drug_n_4173632

Viruses are the subject of confusion & misinformation. Luckily, we have a friend who knows a lot about them! We sit down with microbiology genius Deboki Chakravarti to talk viruses. 

Be sure to check out more of Deboki’s work on Journey to the Microcosmos, and the upcoming Crash Course Organic Chemistry! 

Follow us on Twitter @SciShowTangents, where we’ll tweet out topics for upcoming episodes and you can ask the science couch questions! 

While you're at it, check out the Tangents crew on Twitter: Stefan: @itsmestefanchin Ceri: @ceriley Sam: @slamschultz Hank: @hankgreen

If you want to learn more about any of our main topics, check out these links:

[Truth or Fail]

Tulips

https://www.nytimes.com/2017/05/11/science/broken-tulips.html

https://amsterdamtulipmuseumonline.com/blogs/tulip-facts/broken-tulips-the-beautiful-curse

Coffins

https://blogs.weta.org/boundarystones/2016/12/21/then-there-were-no-coffinshttps://www.acf.org/the-american-chestnut/

[Fact Off]

Multicomponent Viruses

https://www.cell.com/cell-host-microbe/fulltext/S1931-3128(16)30310-9

https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/08/160825141714.htm

Polydnaviruses

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4424053/

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3758193/

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780123846846000264

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780123848581000096

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4553618/

[Butt One More Thing]

Caribou poop frozen virus

https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2014/10/virus-resurrected-700-year-old-caribou-dung

https://www.pnas.org/content/111/47/16842

Oceans: they cover 70% of the planet, but what do we really know about them? Like what’s with all the salt, huh? And just what is the difference between a ‘sea’ and an ocean anyway?! I have questions!

This one has a real doozy of a Stefan poem. I cut out a lot of us interrupting him with raucous laughter!  

Follow us on Twitter @SciShowTangents, where we’ll tweet out topics for upcoming episodes and you can ask the science couch questions! 

While you're at it, check out the Tangents crew on Twitter: Stefan: @itsmestefanchin Ceri: @ceriley Sam: @slamschultz Hank: @hankgreen

If you want to learn more about any of our main topics, check out these links:

[Truth or Fail]

Boat cloak

https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg20227101-500-explorers-dont-forget-your-inflatable-cloak/?ignored=irrelevant

https://www.rmg.co.uk/discover/behind-the-scenes/blog/boat-cloak-or-cloak-boat

https://web.archive.org/web/20120425161825/http://resource.canadashistory.ca/media/pdf/34-4-Spr-955-p46-51.pdf

https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NENZC18511220.2.5

Image: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/50/Halkett_Boat_Cloak.jpg

Water chair

https://archive.org/details/watercurejournal12newy/page/1/mode/2up

Images: https://paleofuture.gizmodo.com/this-ridiculous-victorian-era-rocking-bath-wasnt-just-f-1515091109

Modesty barrel

https://www.messynessychic.com/2014/04/15/victorian-prudes-beachside-bathing-machines/

https://www.researchgate.net/figure/1715-Lethbridges-diving-barrel-John-Lethbridge-1678-1759-of-Newton-Abbot-Devon_fig2_228397874

https://io9.gizmodo.com/the-strange-and-wonderful-history-of-diving-suits-from-1262529336

https://devonassoc.org.uk/devoninfo/john-lethbridge-and-his-diving-machine-1880/

Image: https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fit,f_auto,fl_progressive,q_80,w_470/18zb0i2fswtkxjpg.jpg

[Fact Off]

Pumice rafts

https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/dont-believe-the-hype-the-pumice-raft-wont-save-the-great-barrier-reef/

https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/145490/a-raft-of-rock

https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2017-05/dbnl-hxh052317.php

https://www.npr.org/2019/08/25/754190347/giant-pumice-raft-floating-towards-australia-could-help-replenish-great-barrier-

Albatross tracking system

https://www.birdlife.org/worldwide/news/world%E2%80%99s-biggest-seabird-tracking-database-shows-their-incredible-journeys

https://www.nytimes.com/2020/01/27/science/albatross-ocean-radar.html

https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/albatrosses-outfitted-with-gps-detect-illegal-fishing-vessels-180974054/

[Ask the Science Couch]

Salty ocean

https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/whysalty.html

https://www.usgs.gov/special-topic/water-science-school/science/why-ocean-salty?qt-science_center_objects=0#qt-science_center_objects

[Butt One More Thing]

Transient anus

https://www.sciencealert.com/this-animal-s-butt-appears-when-needed-and-it-could-help-us-understand-how-ours-evolved

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/ivb.12236

Things get a little weird this episode, and by ‘little’ I mean very little! One thing I learned in this episode is that everything in the universe is touching each other, yet the particles in your body never truly touch! Mama Mia! 

Well anyway, I hope you enjoy it! Thanks for listening!

Follow us on Twitter @SciShowTangents, where we’ll tweet out topics for upcoming episodes and you can ask the science couch questions! 

While you're at it, check out the Tangents crew on Twitter: Stefan: @itsmestefanchin Ceri: @ceriley Sam: @slamschultz Hank: @hankgreen

If you want to learn more about any of our main topics, check out these links:

[Truth or Fail]

https://history.fnal.gov/felicia.html#Time

https://history.fnal.gov/meson.html

pictures: https://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/felicia-ferret-particle-accelerator-fermilab

https://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/stocking-series-part-1-wartime-rationing-and-nylon-riots-25391066/

[Fact Off]

Surface plasmon resonance

https://www.nist.gov/news-events/news/2016/12/nist-device-detecting-subatomic-scale-motion-has-potential-robotics

https://www.nature.com/articles/ncomms13746

Dark matter supercold water

https://indico.cern.ch/event/699961/contributions/3043319/attachments/1692706/2723798/snowball_idm.pdf

https://arstechnica.com/science/2019/04/snowball-chamber-uses-supercooled-water-to-hunt-for-dark-matter-particles/

http://www.astronomy.com/news/2019/04/new-snowball-chamber-might-aid-in-the-hunt-for-dark-matter

https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2019-04/aps-ch041119.php

From Matthew Szydagis, Snowball Chamber project lead:

(Only certain uncharged particles trigger the freeze) because charged particles interact with the electrons and lose their energy spread out over a greater distance. This is called "dE/dx"  Too low of dE/dx means energy is not deposited within a critical radius, and so no nucleation happens. This is similar to how bubble and cloud chambers work (note, however, I was partially mistaken in my original claims, and my fully published paper in a scientific journal will address this soon: if you go cold enough you lower the dE/dx threshold enough and do see reactions from electron recoils from betas for example -- lower temperature lowers both the energy and dE/dx threshold). Lastly, though, it is not strictly a charge versus uncharged thing, so article is not 100% perfectly accurate scientifically. A gamma-ray is not charged and yet will not trigger the chamber until the dE/dx threshold is low enough, since like betas, gammas will interact almost exclusively with the electron cloud, and lead to electron-electron multiple-Coulomb-scattering.

[Ask the Science Couch]

Do atoms touch?

https://www.sciencealert.com/99-9999999-of-your-body-is-empty-space

https://wtamu.edu/~cbaird/sq/2013/04/16/do-atoms-ever-actually-touch-each-other/

https://www.britannica.com/science/Pauli-exclusion-principle

http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/pauli.html

https://www.britannica.com/science/fermion

https://www.pnas.org/content/114/23/5766

[Butt One More Thing]

Proton-powered poops

https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/01/080109104251.htm

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0092867407014791

They say the fastest way to a man’s heart is through his stomach, but I think if you ask a doctor they would probably say that’s wrong! But what do I know?

A very happy Valentine's Day to all of our listeners that do that kind of thing! Sorry we talk about some sort of gross things this time! Kind of spoiling the mood, huh?

Follow us on Twitter @SciShowTangents, where we’ll tweet out topics for upcoming episodes and you can ask the science couch questions! 

While you're at it, check out the Tangents crew on Twitter: Stefan: @itsmestefanchin Ceri: @ceriley Sam: @slamschultz Hank: @hankgreen

If you want to learn more about any of our main topics, check out these links:

[Truth or Fail]

Dr. Clarence Walton Lillehei and Heart Surgery

https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/002950.htm
https://www.healthline.com/health/open-heart-surgery#when-it's-needed
http://www.understandinganimalresearch.org.uk/why/human-health/history-of-the-heart-lung-machine/
https://www.texasheart.org/heart-health/heart-information-center/frequently-asked-patient-questions/how-is-the-heart-stopped-during-open-heart-surgery/
https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/full/10.1161/circ.102.suppl_4.IV-87

Cold Operating Room

https://www.jtcvs.org/article/S0022-5223(11)00421-1/pdf
https://www.annalsthoracicsurgery.org/article/0003-4975(89)90151-3/pdf

Patient-Donor Pump

https://www.annalsthoracicsurgery.org/article/S0003-4975(09)01080-7/pdf
https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/01.CIR.100.13.1364
https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/full/10.1161/circ.102.suppl_4.IV-87
https://www.jtcvs.org/article/S0022-5223(04)00093-5/pdf
https://books.google.com/books?id=M5sbCxd5cioC

[Fact Off]

Chopin’s heart

https://www.nytimes.com/2017/11/06/arts/chopin-heart-tuberculosis.html

https://apnews.com/bc0f09217f564329ae6fa2aefa6349a6/chopins-heart-exhumed-secret-relic

https://www.livescience.com/60953-chopin-pickled-heart-reveals-cause-of-death.html

https://www.amjmed.com/article/S0002-9343(17)31025-2/abstract

https://www.amjmed.com/article/S0002-9343(17)31278-0/abstract

Heart catheterization

https://www.annalsthoracicsurgery.org/article/0003-4975(90)90272-8/pdf

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/clc.4960150715

https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/1956/forssmann/facts/

https://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/cardiac-catheterization/about/pac-20384695

[Ask the Science Couch]

Non-human hearts (octopuses, earthworms, etc.)

https://www.sciencefocus.com/nature/why-does-an-octopus-have-more-than-one-heart/

https://www.sas.upenn.edu/~rlenet/Earthworms.html

https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(05)60870-7/fulltext

Humans multiple hearts

https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20131122-can-humans-have-two-hearts

https://health.howstuffworks.com/human-body/systems/circulatory/two-lungs-one-heart1.htm

[Butt One More Thing]

Poo-phoria

https://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/2014/02/18/poo-phoria-passing-a-stool_n_4808627.html

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3778072

Meat... seems pretty simple on the surface, but what do we really know about it? Like.. are living things made of meat? Or is meat only meat once it's being eaten? What was the first meat? What was the first thing to eat the first meat? Is eating prehistoric meat a good idea? Do we find the answer to any of these questions in this episode? I can't remember, frankly, but probably a few. 

Follow us on Twitter @SciShowTangents, where we’ll tweet out topics for upcoming episodes and you can ask the science couch questions! 

While you're at it, check out the Tangents crew on Twitter: Stefan: @itsmestefanchin Ceri: @ceriley Sam: @slamschultz Hank: @hankgreen

If you want to learn more about any of our main topics, check out these links:

[Truth or Fail]

Foal

https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/scientists-extracted-liquid-blood-42000-year-old-foal-found-siberian-permafrost-180971979/

Bison

https://www.uaf.edu/museum/press/spotlight/blue-babe/

https://historythings.com/aged-beef-delicacy-eating-meat-36000-year-old-bison/

https://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/ancient-bison-stew-blue-babe-alaska

Crocodile

https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/ancient-egyptians-hunted-then-mummified-crocodiles-180973197/

[Fact Off]

Carnivorous Herbivores

https://bioone.org/journals/Northwestern-Naturalist/volume-99/issue-3/NWN18-05.1/Scavenging-By-Snowshoe-Hares-iLepus-americanusi-In-Yukon-Canada/10.1898/NWN18-05.1.short

https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/when-herbivores-arent-poor-chicken-got-eaten-cow-180951115/

https://bioone.org/journals/Northwestern-Naturalist/volume-99/issue-3/NWN18-05.1/Scavenging-By-Snowshoe-Hares-iLepus-americanusi-In-Yukon-Canada/10.1898/NWN18-05.1.short

https://www.outdoornews.com/2015/03/19/who-knew-tape-shows-deer-raiding-birds-nests/

Dyeing Salmon

https://www.adfg.alaska.gov/index.cfm?adfg=wildlifenews.view_article&articles_id=738

https://nextnature.net/2012/06/dyeing-salmon-pink-for-farms-and-profit

https://www.seattlepi.com/news/article/The-salmon-struggle-A-fish-by-any-other-color-is-1115339.php

[Ask the Science Couch]

Gamey meat

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0309174015301376

https://extension.umn.edu/preserving-and-preparing/cooking-venison-flavor-and-safety

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6154429/

https://bastyr.edu/news/general-news-health-tips-spotlight-1/2015/08/why-choose-grass-fed-meat

http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.361.2312&rep=rep1&type=pdf

[Butt One More Thing]

Pork butt

https://www.southernliving.com/bbq/why-is-it-called-boston-butt

https://www.mentalfloss.com/article/22382/how-9-cuts-meat-got-their-names

So look, Stefan sings a song in this episode, so I’m not sure what more you need. He looked cool as heck when he was doing it and I was really proud of him!

Follow us on Twitter @SciShowTangents, where we’ll tweet out topics for upcoming episodes and you can ask the science couch questions! 

While you're at it, check out the Tangents crew on Twitter: Stefan: @itsmestefanchin Ceri: @ceriley Sam: @slamschultz Hank: @hankgreen

If you want to learn more about any of our main topics, check out these links:

[Truth or Fail]

Music & Creativity

https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2019-02/lu-hlt022619.php

Inspirational Music & Sports performance

https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2018-01/f-mmi012918.php

Music & Driving

https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2013-08/aabu-tdm082213.php

https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/e5b0/98e4ef211279d26a14d7502a80232a90dc2d.pdf

[Fact Off]

Nanoguitar 

http://news.cornell.edu/stories/1997/07/worlds-smallest-silicon-mechanical-devices-are-made-cornell

Telharmonium

http://synthmuseum.com/magazine/0102jw.html

https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/music-and-theater-arts/21m-380-music-and-technology-contemporary-history-and-aesthetics-fall-2009/lecture-notes-and-videos/MIT21M_380F09_lec11.pdf

http://120years.net/the-telharmonium-thaddeus-cahill-usa-1897/

http://www.csun.edu/~dwh50750/Classes/MUS191/Emusic_readings/ECenturyPartI.html

Scientific American article: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0c/Telharmonium_-_Scientific_American_1907.png

[Ask the Science Couch]

Timbre

http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/Sound/timbre.html

https://cecm.indiana.edu/etext/acoustics/chapter1_timbre.shtml

https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/health-sciences-and-technology/hst-725-music-perception-and-cognition-spring-2009/lecture-notes/MITHST_725S09_lec07_timbre.pdf

Beetlejuice

https://twitter.com/VoiceSLPChris/status/1111285302352625665/video/1

[Butt One More Thing]

Brown note

https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=khzDRYfj97AC&pg=PA932&lpg=PA932&dq=the+collophone+commemorated&source=bl&ots=vrgUH_MUh4&sig=Z2nnGZJ6W3_Ph_gzXKuhXCbLfW0&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwie2pKZw7_QAhWsJcAKHdIlCYEQ6AEIGzAA#v=onepage&q&f=false

https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/ppv35z/in-search-of-the-brown-noise

From diet, to shoes, to movement efficiency, people devote their lives to researching and perfecting the art of running. Meanwhile, cheetahs run 75 mph and they sleep all day. No fair!

Ceri caught a plane to run a marathon right after we recorded this! I probably went home and watched TV for four hours. Oh well!

Follow us on Twitter @SciShowTangents, where we’ll tweet out topics for upcoming episodes and you can ask the science couch questions! 

While you're at it, check out the Tangents crew on Twitter: Stefan: @itsmestefanchin Ceri: @ceriley Sam: @slamschultz Hank: @hankgreen

If you want to learn more about any of our main topics, check out these links:

[Truth or Fail]

https://www.mentalfloss.com/article/12275/treadmill-originated-prisons

https://digest.bps.org.uk/2016/10/14/investigating-the-weird-effects-treadmills-have-on-our-perception/

https://www.popsci.com/treadmill-running-illusion/

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8692265 (pdf here)

[Fact Off]

Tiger beetle

https://www.jstor.org/stable/4009161?seq=1

https://phys.org/news/2014-11-tiger-beetle-fast.html

http://news.cornell.edu/stories/1998/01/tiger-beetles-go-blind-chasing-prey-high-speeds

Exotendon

https://biomedical-engineering-online.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1475-925X-2-17

https://scopeblog.stanford.edu/2019/08/20/is-a-rubber-band-the-secret-to-running-faster/

[Ask the Science Couch]

Barefoot running

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4550712/

https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/guest-blog/the-science-of-barefoot-running-a-personal-journey/

https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2015-03/aaoo-rbm032315.php

https://www.apma.org/Media/position.cfm?ItemNumber=995

https://fl.milesplit.com/articles/112223/most-read-article-of-2017-heels-or-toes-what-is-the-best-way-to-run

[Butt One More Thing]

Runner’s diarrhea

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1556421

https://www.mayoclinic.org/runners-diarrhea/expert-answers/faq-20058107

Wise men have long pondered how magnets work. We all know the answer is “magic,” but Ceri and Hank have to keep up the illusion that science is real, so please humor them.

Follow us on Twitter @SciShowTangents, where we’ll tweet out topics for upcoming episodes and you can ask the science couch questions! 

While you're at it, check out the Tangents crew on Twitter: Stefan: @itsmestefanchin Ceri: @ceriley Sam: @slamschultz Hank: @hankgreen

If you want to learn more about any of our main topics, check out these links:

Magnets - 

[Truth or Fail]

Magnet Therapy

https://www.livescience.com/40174-magnetic-therapy.html

God Machine

http://www.bbc.co.uk/science/horizon/2003/godonbrain.shtml

https://science.howstuffworks.com/life/inside-the-mind/human-brain/brain-religion2.htm

https://www.psypost.org/2018/01/fake-god-helmet-can-elicit-extraordinary-experiences-especially-among-spiritual-people-50619

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/2153599X.2017.1403952

https://mysteriousuniverse.org/2018/01/test-of-god-helmet-at-music-fest-yields-strange-results/

Electro-Metabograph

https://books.google.com/books?id=CeMDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA218&lpg=PA218&dq=Electro-metabograph+machine&source=bl&ots=JjXhceV_VG&sig=ACfU3U3mlpAO1DmRW9B8ef9cSK12nuCRew&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjs2dOe6b_mAhXSHjQIHZPICLMQ6AEwEHoECAoQAQ#v=onepage&q=Electro-metabograph%20machine&f=false

Radium Ore Revigator

https://www.nationalgeographic.com/news/2010/1/100118-radiation-toxic-water-revigator/

[Fact Off]

Airport runways/WMM

https://www.wired.com/story/airports-rename-runways-magnetic-shift/

https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/news/airport-runway-names-shift-magnetic-field

https://cires.colorado.edu/news/airport-runway-names-shift-earth%E2%80%99s-magnetic-field

https://flightsafety.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/asw_may08_p18-22.pdf

https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/geomag/GeomagneticPoles.shtml

https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/news/world-magnetic-model-2020-released

Ferrofluids

http://aerospace.mtu.edu/research/ionic-liquid-ferrofluid-microthrusters/

https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/chemistry/ferrofluid

https://aip.scitation.org/doi/10.1063/1.4985141

[Ask the Science Couch]

Demagnetizing

https://www.wired.com/story/the-physics-of-falling-magnets-in-stranger-things-season-3/

https://nationalmaglab.org/education/magnet-academy/plan-a-lesson/demagnetizing

http://www.magmamagnets.com/electromagnets-solenoids/

https://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/150570/what-is-the-difference-between-electromagnet-and-solenoid

[Butt One More Thing]

Magnetic anal sphincter

https://newsnetwork.mayoclinic.org/discussion/mayo-clinic-first-to-implant-device-to-solve-fecal-incontinence/

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27926562

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21654242

Listening to Tangents is like making an investment with your brain. And the dividend? Knowledge. Invest today, won't you?

Follow us on Twitter @SciShowTangents, where we’ll tweet out topics for upcoming episodes and you can ask the science couch questions! 

If you want to learn more about any of our main topics, check out these links:

[Truth or Fail]

Supernotes

https://www.nytimes.com/2006/07/23/magazine/23counterfeit.html

https://www.uscurrency.gov/history

Counterfeit $1 bills

https://www.nydailynews.com/news/crime/finding-mr-880-case-1-counterfeit-article-1.109016

https://www.nysun.com/on-the-town/little-old-moneymaker/9282/

pictures: https://thehustle.co/worst-counterfeiter-in-history-mr-880/

https://www.secretservice.gov/about/history/events/

Costume jewelry scam

https://books.google.com/books?id=ELgiAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA85&lpg=PA85

https://o.canada.com/technology/nigerian-email-scams-royally-obvious-for-good-reason-study-says-3

[Fact Off]

Xerox machine anti-counterfeiting

https://www.mentalfloss.com/article/67833/counterfeit-chocolate-not-just-thing-past

https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20170607-why-printers-add-secret-tracking-dots

https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20150624-the-secret-codes-of-british-banknotes

https://murdoch.is/projects/currency/

Yap stone money

https://www.npr.org/sections/money/2011/02/15/131934618/the-island-of-stone-money

http://www.bbc.com/travel/story/20180502-the-tiny-island-with-human-sized-money

https://www.sciencealert.com/the-original-bitcoin-still-exists-as-giant-stone-money-on-a-tiny-pacific-island

https://www.sciencenews.org/article/yap-stone-money-bitcoin-blockchain-cryptocurrency

[Ask the Science Couch]

Plastic vs. paper bills

https://www.banknoteworld.com/blog/the-pros-and-cons-of-polymer-banknotes/

https://www.euronews.com/2018/05/16/polymer-vs-paper-banknotes-which-one-is-better-for-environment-

https://www.forbes.com/sites/davekeating/2019/08/21/englands-new-currency-is-harming-the-climate-report/#543d2d76524f

https://www.moneyboat.co.uk/blog/paper-vs-polymer/

https://www.bankofengland.co.uk/-/media/boe/files/banknotes/polymer/lca-of-paper-and-polymer-bank-notes.pdf?la=en&hash=7D3845CE11AD21F300CFA023F8FCF4AA37FB73CC 

Composting or washing U.S. money

https://www.cnet.com/news/cash-to-trash-watch-millions-of-dollars-turn-into-compost/

https://www.acs.org/content/acs/en/pressroom/presspacs/2014/acs-presspac-january-8-2014/laundering-money-literally-could-save-billions-of-dollars.html

[Butt One More Thing]

Penny swallowing

https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1998-12-01-9812010102-story.html

https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/1998/12/981201033841.htm

SciShow Tangents’ exploration of the electromagnetic spectrum continues with good old, dependable light! What is it? Where does it come from? Only Ceri knows (sort of)!

Also, happy New Year to all of our amazing listeners! Thank you for your support over the last year, and here's to another year of laughing and learning with all of you!

Follow us on Twitter @SciShowTangents, where we’ll tweet out topics for upcoming episodes and you can ask the science couch questions! 

If you want to learn more about any of our main topics, check out these links:

[Truth or Fail]

EROS

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25788334

MOZE

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41593-019-0389-0

FReSH

http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/nature10428.html

[Fact Off]

Eidophor

https://www.earlytelevision.org/eidophor.html

https://hackaday.com/2016/03/15/retrotechtacular-eidophor-an-unknown-widely-used-projector/

http://www.film-tech.com/ubb/f1/t004319.html

http://www.earlytelevision.org/yanczer_eidophor.html

Centennial light

http://www.centennialbulb.org/index.htm

https://www.mentalfloss.com/article/66009/light-bulb-has-been-burning-1901

https://www.lampsplus.com/ideas-and-advice/how-an-incandescent-light-bulb-works/

https://spectrum.ieee.org/tech-history/dawn-of-electronics/the-great-lightbulb-conspiracy

https://www.npr.org/2019/03/27/707188193/the-phoebus-cartel

[Ask the Science Couch]

Brightest artificial light

https://www.wired.co.uk/article/brightest-light-ever-computer-chips

https://www.nature.com/articles/nphoton.2017.100

https://www.unl.edu/diocles/home

https://www.labmanager.com/research-specific-labs/2017/11/home-of-the-world-s-brightest-laser-looks-to-bring-high-quality-x-rays-to-research-medical-applications#.Xe_nrZNKhnN

[Butt One More Thing]

Firefly butt vs. LED

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0030402619300452?via%3Dihub

https://www.futurity.org/light-bulbs-leds-fireflies-1988062/

Humans have wielded the power of radio waves for more than a century, but what exactly are they and how do we use them to transmit information? It turns out, even geniuses like Hank and Ceri have a hard time explaining that! 

Also, as our present to you, this is a longer-than-usual episode! Enjoy an extra 5 minutes of nonsense!

Follow us on Twitter @SciShowTangents, where we’ll tweet out topics for upcoming episodes and you can ask the science couch questions! 

If you want to learn more about any of our main topics, check out these links:

[Truth or Fail]

E. coli

https://arxiv.org/abs/1104.3113

https://phys.org/news/2014-04-bacterial-fm-radio.html

Cactus Radio

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I1shcxHWQas

Frequency Comb

https://www.pnas.org/content/116/19/9181

https://www.laserfocusworld.com/lasers-sources/article/14035201/frequency-combs-trick-a-laser-into-producingreceiving-an-rf-signal

[Fact Off]

Battle of the Beams

https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ww2peopleswar/stories/63/a3714563.shtml

https://www.nytimes.com/1997/12/19/us/r-v-jones-science-trickster-who-foiled-nazis-dies-at-86.html

http://vc.airvectors.net/ttwiz_07.html

RV Jones Obituary

W5LFL

https://amsat-uk.org/2013/01/19/amateur-radio-on-bbc-between-the-ears-space-ham/#more-12135

https://www.amsat.org/owen-k-garriott-w5lfl/

[Ask the Science Couch]

Analog radio

https://public.wsu.edu/~bryan.mclaughlin/Radio/Who_Invented_Radio.html

https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aso/tryit/radio/radiorelayer.html

https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4suas5/eli5_why_is_the_sound_quality_of_am_radio_so_much/

Digital/HD radio

https://www.fcc.gov/consumers/guides/digital-radio

https://electronics.howstuffworks.com/hd-radio.htm

https://hdradio.com/trademark/

https://www.cnet.com/news/digital-radio-all-you-need-to-know/

[Butt One More Thing]

Pigeon poop / cosmic microwave background

https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smithsonian-institution/how-scientists-confirmed-big-bang-theory-owe-it-all-to-a-pigeon-trap-180949741/

Jingle Bells, Frosty the Snowman, Let it Snow; the timeless sounds of the holiday. And to that pantheon of greats is added another track: this 30-minute-long, spoken-word science podcast!

Follow us on Twitter @SciShowTangents, where we’ll tweet out topics for upcoming episodes and you can ask the science couch questions! 

If you want to learn more about any of our main topics, check out these links:

[Truth or Fail]

Poinsettia monopoly

https://www.npr.org/2017/12/22/573046507/how-poinsettias-became-synonymous-with-christmas

http://www.mobileranger.com/blog/the-plant-of-christmas-the-poinsettia/

https://www.actahort.org/books/226/226_34.htm

https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2008-dec-23-me-poinsettia23-story.html

https://pubag.nal.usda.gov/download/12136/PDF

Vanilla flavor

https://www.huffpost.com/entry/ice-cream-bananas_n_55f8d911e4b0d6492d638853

https://www.webmd.com/children/features/is-poinsettia-really-poisonous

Latex/rubber

https://web.extension.illinois.edu/poinsettia/facts.cfm

http://www.industrialrubbergoods.com/natural-rubber.html

https://www.thespruce.com/facts-about-poinsettias-that-may-surprise-you-2132343

[Fact Off]

Tinniculite 

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1134%2FS1075701517070078

https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/msa/ammin/article/102/2/466/264546/new-mineral-names

https://www.mdpi.com/2075-163X/9/6/373/htm 

Pine needle recycling

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/329280439_Fuels_and_Value-Added_Chemicals_from_Biomass

https://theconversation.com/new-recycling-process-could-help-your-christmas-tree-lead-a-surprising-second-life-107984

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1876610217350713 

[Ask the Science Couch]

Natural vs. artificial tree

https://www.nytimes.com/2018/11/26/business/energy-environment/fake-christmas-tree-vs-real-tree.html

https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/2018/12/14/real-vs-fake-heres-why-artificial-christmas-trees-rise/2314418002/

https://www.sfgate.com/realestate/article/Real-vs-Artificial-Christmas-Tree-Which-Is-More-14866084.php

https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/2018/12/14/real-vs-fake-heres-why-artificial-christmas-trees-rise/2314418002/

[Butt One More Thing]

Mistletoe

https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/special/metro/urban-jungle/pages/121218.html

https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/culturing-science/mistletoe-natural-history/

https://www.etymonline.com/word/mistletoe

https://www.etymonline.com/word/missel?ref=etymonline_crossreference

From ancient clay pots to the heat-proof panels on the space shuttle, ceramics have been an integral part of human technology from the very beginning. I can’t even think of any jokes about ceramic! It’s just cool!

More importantly! Over the last week or so, Hank has absolutely ruined everyones’ Twitter timelines with one simple question: “is butt legs?” In this episode, you get to bear ear-witness to the genesis of this wretched, society-shattering question! #buttislegs

Follow us on Twitter @SciShowTangents, where we’ll tweet out topics for upcoming episodes and you can ask the science couch questions! 

If you want to learn more about any of our main topics, check out these links:

[Truth or Fail]

Non-deflatable football

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deflategate

http://www.madehow.com/Volume-1/Air-Bag.html

Strong water

https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Aluminum-oxide#section=Mechanism-of-Action

http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.470.4214&rep=rep1&type=pdf

Pajamas

https://www.underarmour.com/en-us/tb12

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3699878/

https://www.espn.com/espnw/life-style/story/_/id/23315114/we-tried-do-tom-brady-recovery-pajamas-live-their-name

[Fact Off]

Moon art

https://www.moma.org/collection/works/62272

https://www.pbs.org/opb/historydetectives/investigation/moon-museum/

https://garage.vice.com/en_us/article/zmabk4/moon-museum

Magnetic field

https://www.livescience.com/57868-earth-magnetic-field-spike-ancient-times.html

https://www.space.com/43173-earth-magnetic-field-flips-when.html

https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2017/02/14/515032512/iron-age-potters-carefully-recorded-earths-magnetic-field-by-accident

https://www.newyorker.com/tech/annals-of-technology/earths-mysterious-magnetic-field-stored-in-a-jar?verso=true

[Ask the Science Couch]

Glazes

https://edu.rsc.org/feature/the-chemistry-of-pottery/2020245.article

https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/materials-science/glaze

Specific materials (tin, salt, etc.) 

https://www.thesprucecrafts.com/ceramic-and-glaze-fluxes-2745860

https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1560&context=open_access_etds

https://www.britannica.com/art/tin-glazed-earthenware

[Butt One More Thing]

Ceramic butt wiping

https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/toilet-tissue-anthropologists-uncover-all-the-ways-weve-wiped/

https://www.bmj.com/content/345/bmj.e8287.full

Bones… seems like a simple enough topic, right? Well, would you believe me if I told you that scientists can’t even agree on how and why bones evolved in the first place?! And teeth? Don’t even get us started on teeth...

Follow us on Twitter @SciShowTangents, where we’ll tweet out topics for upcoming episodes and you can ask the science couch questions! 

If you want to learn more about any of our main topics, check out these links:

[Truth or Fail]

Bone Conduction

https://www.kqed.org/science/1926248/how-elephants-listen-with-their-feet

https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2001/03/010312071729.htm

https://news.stanford.edu/news/2009/february18/elephants-triangulation-seismic-vibration-signal-021809.html

Chew Bones

https://www.nationalgeographic.com/news/2017/07/giraffes-eat-skeletons-bones-spd/

https://repository.up.ac.za/bitstream/handle/2263/9767/Bredin_Can(2008).pdf;jsessionid=8BFA2F57B27C91C3BB4F18175D4712A8?sequence=1

Glowing Bones

https://www.nationalgeographic.com/news/2018/01/chameleon-bones-florescent-ultraviolet-light-spd/

https://www.sciencealert.com/these-cute-little-orange-frogs-have-a-florescent-secret-under-their-skin

[Fact Off]

Myotragus goat

https://www.pnas.org/content/106/48/20354

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1325260/

https://phys.org/news/2009-11-extinct-goat-cold-blooded.html

http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/80beats/2009/11/17/extinct-goat-tried-out-reptilian-cold-blooded-living-it-didnt-work/#.XdMCY5JKhxw

pics: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myotragus

Subvocalization remote

https://www.fastcompany.com/90167411/mit-invents-a-way-to-turn-silent-speech-into-computer-commands

[Ask the Science Couch]

Bone evolution:

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3237026/

https://austhrutime.com/bone.htm

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC509207/

Aspidin: 

https://natureecoevocommunity.nature.com/users/169723-joseph-keating/posts/37157-aspidin-a-bone-of-contention

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6109381/

Teeth: 

https://www.nature.com/news/fossil-scans-reveal-origins-of-teeth-1.13964

https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn24268-fish-fossil-suggests-our-skeleton-evolved-face-first/

[Butt One More Thing]

Lizard Tails:

https://www.futurity.org/salamanders-lizards-tails-regeneration-1838762/

When it comes to proper nutrition, just about the only thing everyone can agree on is that people need to eat food. Everything else, from eggs to carbs to vitamins, is basically up in the air! The Tangents crew wades into the quagmire that is modern nutrition science to see if we can figure out what the heck humans are supposed to be eating!

Follow us on Twitter @SciShowTangents, where we’ll tweet out topics for upcoming episodes and you can ask the science couch questions! 

If you want to learn more about any of our main topics, check out these links:

[Truth or Fail]

Chemical Contamination

https://www.circleofblue.org/2018/world/remembering-michigans-pbb-crisis/

https://www.mlive.com/news/2016/05/velsicol_superfund_st_louis_pb.html

https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2000/12/001214082240.htm

https://science.sciencemag.org/content/199/4334/1207

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polybrominated_biphenyl

Ants and Insulin

https://www.quantamagazine.org/how-insulin-helped-create-ant-societies-20180814/

Panda Digestion

https://www.livescience.com/50871-pandas-gut-bacteria-bamboo-digestion.html

[Fact Off]

Osedax worms

https://sfamjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1462-2920.2005.00824.x 

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0967063707001483

https://science.sciencemag.org/content/305/5684/668/tab-pdf

“Vitamin” B17 aka. Laetrile

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.3322/canjclin.31.2.91?sid=nlm%3Apubmed

https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/cam/hp/laetrile-pdq#_10

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK65988/

https://www.amboss.com/us/knowledge/Vitamins

[Ask the Science Couch]

History of nutrition science

https://www.bmj.com/content/361/bmj.k2392

Nutrition research is complicated

https://www.vox.com/2016/1/14/10760622/nutrition-science-complicated

https://www.takingcharge.csh.umn.edu/explore-healing-practices/food-medicine/why-does-nutrition-advice-change

[Butt One More Thing]

Sewage sludge protein 

https://www.feednavigator.com/Article/2017/04/06/Sewage-sludge-to-animal-feed

Be Advised! This episode was recorded before we decided to reset the scores for Season 2 and rename them Sambucks. Please don't tweet at us about this (and if you do tweet at us about it, be nice)!

People absolutely love going places and doing stuff! And in our zeal to go places and do stuff even faster, we've invented some wild things. Come with us on journey of discovery as we sail the seven seas of science and fly the friendly skies of... innovation...? 

Follow us on Twitter @SciShowTangents, where we’ll tweet out topics for upcoming episodes and you can ask the science couch questions! 

If you want to learn more about any of our main topics, check out these links:

[Truth or Fail]

Loading Patterns

https://www.who.int/ith/mode_of_travel/tcd_aircraft/en/

https://www.pnas.org/content/115/14/3623

Reducing Fiber 

https://www.businessinsider.com/heres-why-you-should-fart-in-planes-2013-2

Dirtiest Part of a Plane

https://www.travelmath.com/feature/airline-hygiene-exposed/

[Fact Off]

Ski lift

https://www.uh.edu/engines/epi2953.htm

Pictures/info: https://books.google.com/books?id=slgEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA23&lpg=PA23

https://books.google.com/books?id=XFgEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA38&lpg=PA38

https://www.uprr.com/newsinfo/releases/heritage_and_steam/2006/0228_skilift.shtml

Flight suit

https://www.thevintagenews.com/2016/04/13/wiley-post-one-eyed-pilot-first-fly-solo-around-world-developed-first-pressure-suits-discovered-jet-stream/

https://airandspace.si.edu/multimedia-gallery/si-98-15012hjpg

https://www.airspacemag.com/videos/category/new-label/this-pressure-suit-helped-pilots-survive-new/

[Ask the Science Couch]

License plate restrictions

https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2014/mar/20/licence-plate-driving-bans-paris-ineffective-air-pollution

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2095756416000039 

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0967070X01000245?via%3Dihub

Braess’ Paradox

http://homepage.ruhr-uni-bochum.de/Dietrich.Braess/Paradox-BNW.pdf

https://phys.org/news/2010-09-scientist-braess-paradox-high-traffic.html

Removing roads

https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2006/nov/01/society.travelsenvironmentalimpact

https://www.landscapeperformance.org/case-study-briefs/cheonggyecheon-stream-restoration

[Butt One More Thing]

Fart volume

https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/how-big-is-a-fart-somewhere-between-a-bottle-of-nail-polish-and-a-can-of-soda/

Human beings have always been keeping secrets from each other. They've also always been trying desperately to figure out everyone else's secrets. That's probably why we've had cryptography, the art of hiding messages with codes, for almost as long as we've had written language!

Follow us on Twitter @SciShowTangents, where we’ll tweet out topics for upcoming episodes and you can ask the science couch questions! 

If you want to learn more about any of our main topics, check out these links:

[Truth or Fail]

One-time pad

https://www.cia.gov/about-cia/cia-museum/experience-the-collection/index.html#!/artifact/21

https://www.doc.ic.ac.uk/~mrh/330tutor/vernam.pdf

http://www.cs.columbia.edu/~CS4HS/talks/FrankMillerOneTimePad.pdf

https://books.google.com/books?id=tT9WAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA1&source=gbs_selected_pages&cad=2#v=onepage&q&f=false

http://netlab.cs.ucla.edu/wiki/files/shannon1949.pdf

Steganographia

http://profs.sci.univr.it/~giaco/download/Watermarking-Obfuscation/Trithemius.pdf

[Fact Off]

Chemical messages

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4857388/

Brainwave ID

https://www.entrepreneur.com/article/246902

https://www.theverge.com/2013/4/8/4196396/affordable-brainwave-sensors-could-make-typed-passwords-obsolete

http://people.ischool.berkeley.edu/~chuang/pubs/usec13.pdf

[Ask the Science Couch]

Timeline

http://pi.math.cornell.edu/~morris/135/timeline.html

Khnumhotep II tomb

https://books.google.com/books?id=3S8rhOEmDIIC&printsec=frontcover&dq=codebreakers+david+kahn&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjehLCC5dDlAhWtiOAKHR07DqUQ6AEwAHoECAYQAg#v=onepage&q=khnumhotep&f=false

Scytale

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/0161-119891886902

https://www.cs.uri.edu/cryptography/classicaltransposition.htm

picture: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Skytale.png

[Butt One More Thing]

Secret butt compartment

https://www.nationalgeographic.com/news/2017/12/letters-found-butt-jesus-statue-time-capsule-spain-spd/

Ancient man harnessing and wielding the elemental power of the flame was pretty cool, I guess, but I think this being Tangent's one year anniversary is a little cooler, honestly! Plus, we announce who won the first season, so actually this episode is sort of twice as important as fire if you think about it!

Follow us on Twitter @SciShowTangents, where we’ll tweet out topics for upcoming episodes and you can ask the science couch questions! 

And if you want to learn more about any of our main topics, check out these links:

[Truth or Fail]

Fire-chasing beetles

https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0037627

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/227016226_The_Photomechanic_Infrared_Receptor_for_the_Detection_of_Forest_Fires_in_the_Buprestid_Beetle_Melanophila_Acuminata

https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/artful-amoeba/how-a-half-inch-beetle-finds-fires-80-miles-away/

https://www.jstor.org/stable/3998979?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents

https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/phenomena/2012/05/27/fire-chasing-beetles-sense-infrared-radiation-from-fires-hundreds-of-kilometres-away/

https://academic.oup.com/jee/article-abstract/36/2/341/2202937

[Fact Off]

Surgical fires

https://www.livescience.com/65615-chest-cavity-fire-surgery.html

https://www.ismp.org/resources/surgical-fires-caused-skin-preps-and-ointments-rare-dangerous-and-preventable

Death ray building

https://twitter.com/tara_mulholland/status/374877389425086464?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw%7Ctwcamp%5Etweetembed%7Ctwterm%5E374877389425086464&ref_url=https%3A%2F%2Ffinancialpost.com%2Fnews%2Flondons-fryscraper-owners-to-spend-millions-of-pounds-to-block-car-melting-beam

https://www.pri.org/stories/2013-09-03/londons-walkie-talkie-skyscraper-blamed-melting-cars-starting-small-fire

https://www.livescience.com/39371-skyscraper-melts-cars-20-fenchurch.html

https://www.mississauga.com/news-story/4067822-london-s-fryscaper-draws-crowd-on-hottest-day/

https://www.cityam.com/exclusive-walkie-scorchie-melted-my-jag/

[Ask the Science Couch]

Flame Extinguishment Experiment (FLEX) 

https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/research/news/FLEX_Video.html

https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/in-space-flames-behave-in-ways-nobody-thought-possible-132637810/

Cool flames

https://blogs.nasa.gov/ISS_Science_Blog/2013/11/25/cool-flames-on-the-international-space-station-an-anatomy-of-discovery/

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0010218012002131

https://youtu.be/BxxqCLxxY3M

[Butt One More Thing]

Incinerating toilets

http://www.nsf.org/consumer-resources/water-quality/wastewater-sewage-treatment/electrical-incinerating-toilets

https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2015-06/documents/incinera.pdf

SciShow Tangents' Month of Fear concludes with what is undeniably the scariest, most valid fear of any of those discussed... spiders! I'm not saying spiders will pour out of your headphones and into your ears when you listen to this, but I'm also not promising they won't.

Follow us on Twitter @SciShowTangents, where we’ll tweet out topics for upcoming episodes and you can ask the science couch questions! 

If you want to learn more about any of our main topics, check out these links:

[Truth or Fail]

Records

https://thevinylfactory.com/features/the-10-weirdest-things-pressed-into-vinyl-records-this-year/

https://www.npr.org/2016/01/09/462289635/bones-and-grooves-weird-secret-history-of-soviet-x-ray-music

Tattoos

https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/north/gwitchin-tattoo-skin-stitching-first-nations-1.3796606

Canvases

https://www.northwestern.edu/newscenter/stories/2008/07/cobwebportraits.html

https://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/the-lost-art-of-painting-on-cobweb-canvases

https://phys.org/news/2010-05-scientists-goats-spider-silk.html

[Fact Off]

Social Spiders and Climate Change

http://www.bbc.com/earth/story/20160122-meet-the-spiders-that-have-formed-armies-50000-strong

https://www.c2es.org/content/hurricanes-and-climate-change/

https://files.springernature.com/getResource/Full%20text%3A%2041559_2019_Article_951.pdf?token=IULUvIufpS8AXE43riPpExKrcZMUcwpHIO0w4yhOno61RnG9Vz6%2Fr7GCrI5AcBi92o1n3tikPjKFkiYotkHNpNM75Zwrwg1JnULfD6ql3lZMwRUq%2BjY6%2Bb473tArt0GuuCh%2FZ3DLB4IVSRfpmhKqIISMiOJ9tTLrIGK0vHQINgN44sznjQXmk0pryEm0LvjA6R1Se4bGQnT7HNP7lnlhp40M0VnqSPp7kwO%2Fuk2bUqy4COccDRtTVCPDgs7U4YSWyv%2Fi23JyvxcNn%2FimbRvGGUzrTRNudjjy%2F%2BHxW2LWIr3pVOi7DxxT%2BfJbe2J2INb7mSnxANKxcm2QxaNEzOo9fA%3D%3D

Spider Milk

https://science.sciencemag.org/content/362/6418/1052

https://www.nytimes.com/2018/11/29/science/spiders-milk.html

[Ask the Science Couch]

Web construction

https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smithsonian-institution/ask-smithsonian-how-do-spiders-make-webs-180957426/

https://sciencing.com/identify-spider-pattern-8635659.html

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6053566/

Making silk

https://www.livescience.com/32582-how-do-spiders-make-silk.html

https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/spidroins

[Butt One More Thing]

Trashline orb weavers

https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/meet-the-spiders-that-completely-defy-what-we-know-as-jet-lag/

https://nature.mdc.mo.gov/discover-nature/field-guide/trashline-orbweavers

SciShow Tangents' Month of Fear continues and… wait… do you feel it… the walls they’re... closing in around you! Crushing you!

...were you scared? Well, if you were Hank you probably would have been because his fear is enclosed spaces! How is that related to science? Good question!

Follow us on Twitter @SciShowTangents, where we’ll tweet out topics for upcoming episodes and you can ask the science couch questions! 

If you want to learn more about any of our main topics, check out these links:

[Truth or Fail]

Fire Extinguisher

https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2019-04/tuot-ncf041819.php

Water-Filled Suit

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214552417301335

Air Purifier

https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2019/06/space-station-mold-survives-200-times-radiation-dose-would-kill-human

[Fact Off]

Noc the beluga whale

https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/story-one-whale-who-tried-bridge-linguistic-divide-between-animals-humans-180951437/?page=1

http://cell.com/current-biology/supplemental/S0960-9822%2812%2901009-3

https://www.public.navy.mil/navwar/NIWC-Pacific/technology/Pages/mammals.aspx

Normal beluga: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DdDl7PD8uBQ - Credit- chrisgotachannel

Noc sound: https://www.nature.com/news/the-whale-that-talked-1.11635

Dark flies

http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/loom/2012/03/14/fifty-seven-years-of-darkness/#.XaY74udKgW_

https://phys.org/news/2016-02-evolution-dark-fly.html

https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/02/160204111403.htm

[Ask the Science Couch]

Estimates of plant rooms

https://io9.gizmodo.com/how-many-plants-would-you-need-to-generate-oxygen-for-y-5955071

http://www.madsci.org/posts/archives/1999-02/917906305.Bt.r.html

https://everything2.com/title/How+much+plant+life+is+needed+to+keep+a+person+alive+in+a+sealed+room%253F

Photorespiration

http://www.plantphysiol.org/content/155/1/56

Biosphere 2

http://biosphere2.org/visit/about-biosphere2/fast-facts

https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/29/sunday-review/biosphere-2-climate-change.html

https://academic.oup.com/bioscience/article/68/9/722/5055575?searchresult=1

[Butt One More Thing]

Apollo 10 floating poop

https://www.vox.com/2015/5/26/8646675/apollo-10-turd-poop

https://www.hq.nasa.gov/alsj/a410/AS10_CM.PDF

As the SciShow Tangents Month of Fear continues, your hosts get down into the wormy, slimy muck to discuss Ceri’s biggest fear: decomposition! Does that sound too generic to be truly terrifying? That’s what Sam thought too, and now he is also quite scared of decomposing! Boo!

Follow us on Twitter @SciShowTangents, where we’ll tweet out topics for upcoming episodes and you can ask the science couch questions! 

If you want to learn more about any of our main topics, check out these links:

[Truth or Fail]

Straw Urinals - https://www.unreservedmedia.com/paris-open-air-urinals/

Peepee Day - https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/earth/earthnews/6554958/Urinate-on-the-compost-heap-to-save-the-planet-says-the-National-Trust.html

https://grist.org/living/ask-umbra-can-i-pee-in-my-compost-pile/

Human Composting - https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/washington-first-state-allow-burial-method-human-composting-180972020/

[Fact Off]

Ocean viruses - https://advances.sciencemag.org/content/3/9/e1602565.full

https://www.ocean.washington.edu/courses/oc400/Arrigo2005.pdf

Burying beetles - https://www.fws.gov/Midwest/endangered/insects/ambb/abb_fact.html

https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/2018/10/news-burying-beetle-nursery-bacteria-fungus-decomposition/

[Ask the Science Couch]

Food Safety

https://www.fsis.usda.gov/wps/wcm/connect/fsis-content/internet/main/topics/food-safety-education/get-answers/food-safety-fact-sheets/safe-food-handling/food-safety-tips-for-college-students/ct_index

https://food.unl.edu/will-reheating-food-make-it-safe-if-you-forget-refrigerate-it

https://aggie-horticulture.tamu.edu/food-technology/bacterial-food-poisoning/

https://www.fda.gov/food/consumers/what-you-need-know-about-foodborne-illnesses

Decomposers

https://www1.nyc.gov/assets/dsny/docs/tip-sheet-decomposer-id-cpts-id-f.pdf

Pizza (Quora answer)

https://www.quora.com/Is-it-safe-to-eat-pizza-left-out-overnight

[Butt One More Thing]

A/V plug

http://www.orderofthegooddeath.com/deathly-doodle-leakage

http://fluidpusher.blogspot.com/2009/10/questions-of-day-jenn-edition.html

SciShow Tangents' Month of Fear continues! This week, Stefan is confronted by his fear of sharks! Thrill as we weave a tale of nigh-immortal sharks! Feel the chills run down your spine as you learn about how weird shark penises are! Try not to scream when you hear about Sharkarado, the Shark Colorado! This episode... might be too scary!!! 

Follow us on Twitter @SciShowTangents, where we’ll tweet out topics for upcoming episodes and you can ask the science couch questions! 

If you want to learn more about any of our main topics, check out these links:

Sharks -

[Truth or Fail]

Still Shark Eggs

https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0052551

Tiger Shark Siblings

https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/baby-sand-tiger-sharks-devour-their-siblings-while-still-in-the-womb-46192985/

Thermal Vents

https://www.livescience.com/61699-skates-eggs-thermal-vents.html

[Fact Off]

White Shark Café

https://schmidtocean.org/cruise/voyage-white-shark-cafe/#data

http://whitesharkcafe.org/media/photos-videos

https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2018/05/28/613394086/great-white-sharks-have-a-secret-cafe-and-they-led-scientists-right-to-it

https://www.sfchronicle.com/news/article/Mysterious-great-white-shark-lair-discovered-in-13234068.php

https://www.nature.com/articles/415035b

Greenland sharks eating seals

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022098112001657?via%3Dihub

https://animals.mom.me/seals-sleep-4736.html

https://www.nationalgeographic.com/news/2012/6/120626-greenland-sharks-seals-sleeping-animals-science/

[Ask the Science Couch]

Intromittent organs/penises

https://academic.oup.com/icb/article/56/4/705/2198314

https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2013/06/scienceshot-birds-disappearing-penis

Shark claspers

https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2015/04/how-shark-penises-evolved

https://www.nature.com/articles/ncomms7698

https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-sciences/clasper

[Butt One More Thing]

Coprolite shark tooth

https://www.earthtouchnews.com/discoveries/fossils/that-time-a-prehistoric-shark-took-a-bite-out-of-a-turd/

Here at Tangents, we don't mess around when it comes to Halloween. So each week in October, the topic will be one of our greatest fears! Hank was apparently too afraid to even be on this episode, so instead special guest Caitlin Hofmeister confronts her fear of failure as we tell her tales of science gone wrong!

Follow us on Twitter @SciShowTangents, where we’ll tweet out topics for upcoming episodes and you can ask the science couch questions! 

If you want to learn more about any of our main topics, check out these links:

[Truth or Fail]

Bubble Wrap

https://www.smithsonianmag.com/innovation/accidental-invention-bubble-wrap-180971325/

Whoopee Cushion

https://torontoist.com/2013/04/toronto-invents-the-whoopee-cushion/

Vaseline

https://www.dummies.com/education/history/american-history/the-history-of-an-incredibly-useful-u-s-product-vaseline/

https://www.damninteresting.com/nugget/story-of-vaseline/

[Fact Off]

Mosquito self-limiting gene

 https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-019-49660-6

https://www.inverse.com/article/59254-genetically-modified-mosquitoes

Four Pests campaign

http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/bodyhorrors/2014/02/26/mao-four-pests-china-disease/#.XKzfDOtKhxw

https://io9.gizmodo.com/china-s-worst-self-inflicted-environmental-disaster-th-5927112

https://chineseposters.net/themes/four-pests.php

http://www.zonaeuropa.com/20061130_1.htm

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1127087/ 

[Ask the Science Couch]

Killifish

https://science.sciencemag.org/content/354/6317/1305

https://www.ucdavis.edu/news/against-tide-fish-adapts-quickly-lethal-levels-pollution/

https://www.nytimes.com/2016/12/09/science/atlantic-killifish-evolution-pollution.html 

Radiotrophic fungi

https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/radiation-helps-fungi-grow/

https://mbio.asm.org/content/7/6/e01483-16

https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0000457 

Birds

https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/04/140424223057.htm

https://besjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/1365-2435.12283 

https://www.cell.com/trends/ecology-evolution/pdf/S0169-5347(16)00019-7.pdf 

[Butt One More Thing]

Artificial poop pills

https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2016/08/sham-poo-washes-out/493811/ 

https://academic.oup.com/jid/article/214/2/173/2572105

Plastic: space age wonder material or planet-destroying scourge? The real answer may lie... somewhere in the middle (but leaning more towards scourge). Plus, learn exactly how many lego minifigures you can eat before you die!

Follow us on Twitter @SciShowTangents, where we’ll tweet out topics for upcoming episodes and you can ask the science couch questions! 

If you want to learn more about any of our main topics, check out these links:

[Truth or Fail]

Milk

https://blogs.getty.edu/iris/galalith-alchemy-in-the-age-of-plastic/

https://www.chemistryworld.com/podcasts/casein/3007625.article

https://www.ganoksin.com/article/galalith-jewelry-milk-stone/

https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/bring-science-home-milk-plastic/

Blood

https://books.google.com/books?id=3uoiAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA9

https://docsouth.unc.edu/nc/rjrtags/ill65.htmlhttps://surface.syr.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1261&context=beads

https://materialdistrict.com/material/blood-plastic/

https://surface.syr.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1261&context=beads

pictures: https://www.hippohardware.com/blogs/news/at-deaths-door-a-history-of-hemacite

Venom

http://www.t3db.ca/toxins/T3D2544

[Fact Off]

Bees and plastic

https://www.sciencealert.com/wild-bees-have-been-found-building-nests-entirely-out-of-plastic-for-the-first-time

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs13592-019-00635-6
https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2017-03/pp-bsw030117.php

https://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1890/ES13-00308.1

Celluloid billiard balls 

http://www.slate.com/blogs/the_eye/2015/05/13/the_death_of_billiards_and_the_rise_of_plastic_on_99_invisible_with_roman.html

https://www.liveabout.com/what-pool-balls-are-made-of-368742

https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/once-upon-time-exploding-billiard-balls-were-everyday-thing-180962751/

http://mentalfloss.com/article/64247/first-plastic-billiard-balls-routinely-exploded

[Ask the Science Couch]

Corn plastic

https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/environmental-impact-of-corn-based-plastics/

https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/corn-plastic-to-the-rescue-126404720/

https://mcgillcompost.com/blog/recycling-number-7-pla-plastics

[Butt One More Thing]

Eating LEGO

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/jpc.14309 

For humans, the teenage years are marked by angst, self-discovery, and homework. For elephants, they’re marked by pus-weeping face glands, uncontrollable rage, a green penis!

Follow us on Twitter @SciShowTangents, where we’ll tweet out topics for upcoming episodes and you can ask the science couch questions! 

If you want to learn more about any of our main topics, check out these links:

[Truth or Fail]

Guevedoces:

https://secondnexus.com/opinion/the-intersex-children-of-salinas/

https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-34290981

https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/924291-overview

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1365-2265.1991.tb03769.x

Cat scratch disease: https://www.sciencealert.com/a-case-of-schizophrenia-found-to-be-a-bad-case-of-cat-scratch-disease

[Fact Off]

Music

https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/in-teen-music-choices-fear-rules/

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=%22Gregory+S.+Berns%22

Elephant Musth

https://www.bbcearth.com/blog/?article=teenage-elephants-need-a-father-figure

http://www.rhinoresourcecenter.com/index.php?s=1&act=pdfviewer&id=1253211728&folder=125

[Ask the Science Couch]

Risk taking/brain development

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3445337/

https://opentextbc.ca/introductiontopsychology/chapter/6-3-adolescence-developing-independence-and-identity/

Lying

http://www.jeffreyarnett.com/articles/articles/ARNETT_the_right_to_do_wrong.pdf

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0001691815300184

https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0109591

[Butt One More Thing]

Koala pap

https://www.savethekoala.com/about-koalas/life-cycle-koala

http://koalainfo.com/pap-the-first-solid-food-of-koalas

New York Fashion Week is in full swing, and the world's most stylish science podcast is celebrating by exploring the intersection of fashion and science!

Follow us on Twitter @SciShowTangents, where we’ll tweet out topics for upcoming episodes and you can ask the science couch questions! 

If you want to learn more about any of our main topics, check out these links:

[Truth or Fail]

Beards & miasma theory

http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/plague-know/

https://mentalfloss.com/article/31056/why-did-people-wear-powdered-wigs

https://io9.gizmodo.com/the-science-behind-todays-plague-doctor-costume-1737404375

Lightning rods

https://www.newspapers.com/clip/9256546/lubbock_morning_avalanche/

https://books.google.com/books?id=UEH1AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA184

https://books.google.com/books?id=g6cwDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA190

Pictures: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lightning_rod_fashion

Bulletproof silk

https://jaoa.org/article.aspx?articleid=2578879

http://mentalfloss.com/article/24039/brief-history-bulletproof-vests

https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2014/jul/29/bulletproof-silk-vest-prevent-first-world-war-royal-armouries

[Fact Off]

Julie and ear grass

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10071-014-0766-8

https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/animal-fashion-some-chimps-are-putting-grass-ears-and-nobody-knows-why-180951888/?no-ist

Lizards and human shirts

https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0182146

https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2017/08/170809142029.htm

[Ask the Science Couch]

Bamboo

http://www.patagonia.com/static/on/demandware.static/-/Library-Sites-PatagoniaShared/default/dw0de5a5be/PDF-US/bamboo_rayon.pdf

Hemp

https://slate.com/technology/2011/04/hemp-versus-cotton-which-is-better-for-the-environment.html

Wool

https://www.iwto.org/news/environmental-impacts-wool-textiles

Linen

https://econation.co.nz/linen/

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/320307130_GOING_ECO_GOING_DUTCH_A_local_and_closed_loop_textile_production_system

Mass production (dyeing, burning)

https://e360.yale.edu/features/can_waterless_dyeing_processes_clean_up_clothing_industry_pollution

https://www.vox.com/the-goods/2018/9/17/17852294/fashion-brands-burning-merchandise-burberry-nike-h-and-m

[Butt One More Thing]

Cow manure clothes

https://www.huffpost.com/entry/poop-clothing_n_58e7d6f0e4b058f0a02efa77

Wether it's a human trying to figure out the quickest way to the airport, a salmon returning to the waters where they were born, or a dog trying to figure out the perfect place to poop, almost everyliving thing uses some sort of innate or technological navigation system every day. 

Follow us on Twitter @SciShowTangents, where we’ll tweet out topics for upcoming episodes and you can ask the science couch questions! 

If you want to learn more about any of our main topics, check out these links:

[Truth or Fail]

Trying to get Stefan’s research! I’ll post it when i do! -sam 

[Fact Off]

Marine chronometer

http://www.jgiesen.de/LunarDistance/index.html

https://www.jstor.org/stable/3087198?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents

https://timeandnavigation.si.edu/navigating-at-sea/longitude-problem

https://archive.org/details/principlesmrhar00unkngoog/page/n22

https://www.timeandwatches.com/p/the-detent-escapement-from-marine.html

Etak navigator

https://www.fastcompany.com/3047828/who-needs-gps-the-forgotten-story-of-etaks-amazing-1985-car-navigation-system

https://hackaday.com/2018/06/29/how-etak-paved-the-way-to-personal-navigation/

[Ask the Science Couch]

Sunstone/calcite:

https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2011/11/viking-sunstone-revealed

https://arstechnica.com/science/2018/04/mysterious-sunstones-in-medieval-viking-texts-could-really-have-worked/

https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsos.172187

https://www.nature.com/news/2011/110131/full/news.2011.58.html

Image of calcite: https://www.sciencesource.com/Doc/TR1_WATERMARKED/6/9/f/3/SS2509789.jpg?d63642476241

[Butt One More Thing]

Dog pooping: 

https://blog.nationalgeographic.org/2014/01/03/dogs-sense-earths-magnetic-field/

Almost all of human culture and economics is structured around a handful of pretty metals that we have arbitrarily assigned value to! 

Follow us on Twitter @SciShowTangents, where we’ll tweet out topics for upcoming episodes and you can ask the science couch questions! 

If you want to learn more about any of our main topics, check out these links:

Precious Metals - 

[Truth or Fail]

Silver nanoparticles

https://jnanobiotechnology.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12951-017-0254-9

https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2018-05/osu-elc051418.php

https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2019/07/embryo-inspired-bandage-17-times-stickier-band-aid

https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2019-02/ez-pnf021419.php

Copper

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK225400/

https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/biochemistry-genetics-and-molecular-biology/copper-toxicity

Platinum

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29632935

https://www.forbes.com/sites/carmendrahl/2017/04/14/why-is-platinum-in-some-chemotherapy-drugs-and-can-we-improve-them/#1a89a88417d4

[Fact Off]

Alchemy and phosphorus:

https://phys.org/news/2019-01-phosphorus-years-discovery-vital-element.html

https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2016/02/02/465188104/phosphorus-starts-with-pee-in-this-tale-of-scientific-serendipity

Gold vein earthquakes: 

https://www.nature.com/news/earthquakes-make-gold-veins-in-an-instant-1.12615

https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/earthquakes-are-basically-gold-factories-4659100/

[Ask the Science Couch]

Nickel allergy/reactivity:

https://www.nickelinstitute.org/about-nickel/

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4783936/

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3047925/

https://books.google.com/books?id=CpAM1U1efqcC&pg=PA120

Gold allergy/reactivity:

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11244133

https://books.google.com/books?id=1mk3lFVtBSQC&pg=PA104

Implant metals:

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9440845 

[Butt One More Thing]

Metals in poop:

https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es505329q

https://www.pnas.org/content/112/29/8803.full

Extremophiles are tough little guys that not only survive but thrive in the harshest environments on Earth; unforgiving places like volcanic vents at the bottom of the sea, lakes of acid, and your bellybutton!

To learn more about extremophiles and a whole universe of other microscopic creatures, check out Journey to the Microcosmos at https://www.youtube.com/microcosmos

Follow us on Twitter @SciShowTangents, where we’ll tweet out topics for upcoming episodes and you can ask the science couch questions! 

If you want to learn more about any of our main topics, check out these links:

[Truth or Fail]

Single-species Ecosystem

https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn10336-gold-mine-holds-life-untouched-by-the-sun/

Extremophile Cheese

https://www.businessinsider.com/belly-button-innie-inside-cheese-bacteria-lint-fungi-2019-7

Fluffy Pink Golden Fungus

https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/scientists-discover-fungus-capable-collecting-gold-its-environment-180972293/

[Fact Off]

Berkeley pit extremophiles:

https://medium.com/vision-2018/life-from-the-pit-70d3e0fbc0f6

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zEnWZcG3Nzk

https://cen.acs.org/biological-chemistry/natural-products/Scientists-mine-potential-drugs-Berkeley/97/i18

PCR & Taq polymerase:

https://www.genome.gov/about-genomics/fact-sheets/Polymerase-Chain-Reaction-Fact-Sheet

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/probe/docs/techpcr/

https://www.thermofisher.com/order/catalog/product/10342020

https://www.yellowstonepark.com/things-to-do/yellowstone-bacteria-beer-science

[Ask the Science Couch]

Extremophiles:

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4187170/

Bacteria vs. Archaea:

http://bio1520.biology.gatech.edu/biodiversity/prokaryotes-bacteria-archaea-2/

https://ucmp.berkeley.edu/archaea/archaea.html

Archaea characteristics:

https://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/astrobiology/environments/

https://microbiologyonline.org/about-microbiology/introducing-microbes/archaea

https://ucmp.berkeley.edu/archaea/archaeamm.html

[Butt One More Thing]

Pompeii worm:

https://serc.carleton.edu/microbelife/topics/marinesymbiosis/pompeii.html

http://faculty.montgomerycollege.edu/gyouth/FP_examples/student_examples/sathya_ramachandran/pompeiiworms.html

This week, the Other Couch's high-school-level understanding of chemistry is really put to the test as we talk about acids! What is it? How does it dissolve things? It has something to do... with protons? It seems way simpler in the movies!

Follow us on Twitter @SciShowTangents, where we’ll tweet out topics for upcoming episodes and you can ask the science couch questions! 

If you want to learn more about any of our main topics, check out these links:

[Truth or Fail]

Formic acid (general):

https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Formic-acid

Fire ant antivenom:

https://science.sciencemag.org/content/343/6174/1014.abstract

https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/invasive-crazy-ants-are-eating-up-invasive-fire-ants-in-the-south-65189409/

https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/the-rise-of-the-crazy-ants/

Bone-house wasps:

https://www.wired.com/2014/07/the-spider-eating-bone-house-wasp/

Electricity-generating wasps:

https://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2010/12/101221-solar-power-hornet-science-animals/

[Fact Off]

Internal sensor:

https://www.seeker.com/when-swallowed-this-sensor-is-powered-by-stomach-acid-2248294501.html

Pregnancy gif:

https://giphy.com/gifs/pregnancy-baby-fetus-WS91RYT47sA6I

https://imgur.com/gallery/d7n3eIH

Moss bandage:

https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/how-humble-moss-helped-heal-wounds-thousands-WWI-180963081/

https://images.app.goo.gl/TWkw555pqQcRF4Ap8

[Ask the Science Couch]

Battery energy storage:

https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/how-do-batteries-store-an/

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IV4IUsholjg&list=PL8dPuuaLjXtPHzzYuWy6fYEaX9mQQ8oGr

Lead-acid batteries:

https://batteryuniversity.com/learn/article/lead_based_batteries

http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/electric/leadacid.html

[Butt One More Thing]

Lactate in poop:

https://www.bostonmagazine.com/health/2019/06/28/elite-boston-marathon-runners-gut-microbiome/

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41591-019-0485-4.epdf?shared_access_token=xCml86ZQ-k8Zvr3s6oKpQtRgN0jAjWel9jnR3ZoTv0MjZd6ixHPTsupqpvAmfuTRFOp9Or0mmkZVa1zY3ynCnAjKAb3-gUiOKz9q8q1HppxFMlzkngph-k3PsyAkb1OXmTUSrqUYgHwmc7t0ak1vCw%3D%3D

You might think you know everything there is to know about deserts: big, sandy, hot, etc. But between the alien mummies and the ice blades, we're guessing there's a lot you don't know. All that and you get to see Hank just totally embarrass himself while trying to talk about Pokemon. 

Follow us on Twitter @SciShowTangents, where we’ll tweet out topics for upcoming episodes and you can ask the science couch questions! 

If you want to learn more about any of our main topics, check out these links:

[Truth or Fail]

Atacama Desert:

Ata:

https://www.nytimes.com/2018/03/22/science/ata-mummy-alien-chile.html

https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/tiny-alien-skeleton-found-chile-was-likely-result-genetic-mutations-180968576/

Ice Blades: 

https://www.sciencealert.com/eerie-ice-spires-harbour-life-in-one-of-the-harshest-environments-on-earth

Microbes:

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-018-35051-w

https://earthsky.org/earth/mars-like-atacanda-desert-rain-brings-death

[Fact Off]

Thorny devil lizard:

https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/full/10.1098/rsos.170591

Libyan Desert glass:

http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/5196362.stm

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0022309384901777

https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gsa/geology/article-abstract/47/7/609/570318/overestimation-of-threat-from-100-mt-class?redirectedFrom=fulltext

https://theconversation.com/how-we-solved-the-mystery-of-libyan-desert-glass-117253

[Ask the Science Couch]

Sand depth:

https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007%2F978-1-4614-9213-9_325-1

https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-65661-8_10

https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/92232/grand-erg-oriental-algeria

https://www.nps.gov/zion/learn/nature/sand-dunes-sandstone.htm

[Butt One More Thing]

Dung beetles:

https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2012-10/uotw-bud101912.php

https://www.cell.com/current-biology/abstract/S0960-9822%2812%2901061-5 

When you think metamorphosis, you might think a beautiful butterfly coming out of its cocoon. However, lots of things metamorphose in much less graceful, much more sticky, gooey, unsettling, and potentially dangerous ways!

Follow us on Twitter @SciShowTangents, where we’ll tweet out topics for upcoming episodes and you can ask the science couch questions! 

If you want to learn more about any of our main topics, check out these links:

[Truth or Fail]

https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2008-01/uoc-sbb010308.php http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/4460030.stm 

Kind of gross but very cool, highly recommend this video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GCo2uCLXvhk 

[Fact Off]

Cryptometamorphosis:

https://www.nytimes.com/2018/07/11/science/snail-metamorphosis.html

https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/full/10.1098/rspb.2018.1099#sec-3

Figure from paper: https://royalsocietypublishing.org/cms/attachment/12748a2e-c968-4fff-912a-9f9cd2c3d514/rspb20181099f01.gif

Wax moths and plastic:

https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2017/04/25/525447206/a-worm-may-hold-the-key-to-biodegrading-plastic

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28441558

[Ask the Science Couch]

Grasshoppers/locusts:

http://mentalfloss.com/article/57104/whats-difference-between-grasshoppers-and-locusts

https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/when-grasshoppers-go-bibl/ 

(includes picture) https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2009/01/serotonin-makes-locusts-swarm 

https://science.sciencemag.org/content/306/5703/1881

[Butt One More Thing]


Frog Butt Eye:
https://now.tufts.edu/news-releases/blind-tadpoles-learn-visually-after-researchers-graft-eyes-tails-and-treat-them

Plants and animals get all the glory, but fungi are out there every day, breaking down leaf litter, making our bread nice and fluffy, and fermenting alcohols They deserve a little thanks, so we did a whole episode about them!

Follow us on Twitter @SciShowTangents, where we’ll tweet out topics for upcoming episodes and you can ask the science couch questions! 

If you want to learn more about any of our main topics, check out these links:

[Truth or Fail]

Fungal Pesticides:

https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2017/04/12/522068205/fungal-pesticides-offer-a-growing-alternative-to-traditional-chemicals

https://agrochemicals.iupac.org/index.php?option=com_sobi2&sobi2Task=sobi2Details&catid=3&sobi2Id=31

https://phys.org/news/2019-02-virus-infested-fungus-chemical-pesticides.html

Tinder Fungi:

https://www.uab.cat/web/newsroom/news-detail-1345668003610.html?noticiaid=1345754508535

Egyptian Medicine:

https://www.nytimes.com/2005/09/10/nyregion/secrets-of-the-mummys-medicine-chest.html

[Fact Off]

Whiskey mold:

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18065010

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5315285/

https://www.wired.com/2011/05/ff-angelsshare/

https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/78dyqb/kentuckys-whiskey-fungus-problem-is-out-of-control

Plastic-digesting fungus:

https://www.unenvironment.org/news-and-stories/story/fungi-research-lifts-lid-shy-organisms-break-down-plastic

https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0202047

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0269749117300295

http://blog.worldagroforestry.org/index.php/2017/09/12/scientists-find-fungus-appetite-plastic-rubbish-dump/

[Ask the Science Couch]

“Zombie” ants:

https://www.pnas.org/content/114/47/12590

https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0187170

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3204140/

https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2017/11/how-the-zombie-fungus-takes-over-ants-bodies-to-control-their-minds/545864/

[Butt One More Thing]

Zygomycota:

https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0003237

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T8OAmcUnm4g

From 1961 to 1972, thousands of scientists, engineers, mathematicians, seamstresses, pilots, and even a child or two worked on the Apollo Program, collaborating to bring humanity to the moon. Today, Tangents celebrates this unparalleled work of collective science and engineering!  

Follow us on Twitter @SciShowTangents, where we’ll tweet out topics for upcoming episodes and you can ask the science couch questions! 

If you want to learn more about any of our main topics, check out these links:

[Truth or Fail]

Golf Club:

https://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/objects-of-intrigue-alan-shepards-golf-club 

https://www.forbes.com/sites/quora/2018/08/16/why-was-alan-shepard-allowed-to-bring-golf-clubs-to-the-moon/#1d7fe6b67f86

Family Photo:

https://www.businessinsider.com/apollo-16-hidden-family-portrait-on-the-moon-2015-10

Ashes: 

https://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/eugene-shoemaker-buried-moon-celestis-nasa

https://www2.jpl.nasa.gov/sl9/news82.html

[Fact Off]

Greg Force: Boy Hero: 

https://www.honeysucklecreek.net/other_stations/guam/index.html

http://www.cnn.com/2009/TECH/space/07/20/apollo11.irpt/index.html

Spacesuit seamstresses: 

https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/neil-armstrongs-spacesuit-was-made-by-a-bra-manufacturer-3652414/

http://mentalfloss.com/article/82726/how-playtex-helped-win-space-race

https://www.racked.com/2018/9/5/17771270/spacesuit-girdles-playtex-seamstresses-nasa

https://gizmodo.com/how-to-sew-a-spacesuit-5788241

[Ask the Science Couch]

Michael Collins lonely: 

https://www.nasa.gov/home/hqnews/2009/jul/HQ_09-164_Collins_statement.html

https://www.space.com/16971-michael-collins-apollo-11.html

https://www.lpi.usra.edu/lunar/missions/apollo/apollo_11/overview/

[Butt One More Thing]

Moon poop bacteria:

https://www.vox.com/science-and-health/2019/3/22/18236125/apollo-moon-poop-mars-science

Living things are so full of complicated systems of cells and DNA, that things are bound to go wrong. And sometimes when things go wrong, cancer is the result. Today on Tangents we talk about the causes, health impacts, and potential cures (both real and fake) of cancer. 

[Truth or Fail]

Norman Baker

https://historycollection.co/norman-baker-man-claimed-cure-cancer/

Cow War

https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=https://www.google.com/&httpsredir=1&article=3298&context=iowastate_veterinarian

Animal Testes Transplant

https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/4x3p73/early-body-hacking-when-men-got-goat-testicle-grafts-to-boost-their-sex-drive

The Philosophy of Success Book

https://archive.org/details/Law_Of_Success_in_16_Lessons

[Fact Off]

Turtle fossil bone cancer:

https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/2019/02/ridiculously-rare-cancer-found-fossil-leg-turtle-triassic-paleontology/

https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamaoncology/article-abstract/2723578

Parasite-human cancer transmission:

https://www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2015/p1104-parasite-tumors.html

https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/tapeworm-spreads-deadly-cancer-to-human/

https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2019/03/190325110313.htm

[Ask the Science Couch]

General:

https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/causes-prevention/risk/infectious-agents/hpv-and-cancer

https://www.popsci.com/transmissible-cancers-animals/

Tasmanian devil:

https://www.tcg.vet.cam.ac.uk/about/DFTD

https://www.nature.com/articles/onc2009350

https://elifesciences.org/articles/35314

Clams:

https://www.cell.com/cell/fulltext/S0092-8674(15)00243-3 

https://www.nature.com/articles/nature18599

[Butt One More Thing]

Farts & cancer:

https://time.com/2976464/scientists-say-smelling-farts-might-prevent-cancer/

https://pubs.rsc.org/En/content/articlelanding/2014/md/c3md00323j#!divAbstract

Natural disasters are a fact of life when you live on a giant ball of water, ice, and rock with a gooey magma center that’s hurtling through space… and all the pollution we’re pumping into the environment doesn’t really seem to be helping, either.

Follow us on Twitter @SciShowTangents, where we’ll tweet out topics for upcoming episodes and you can ask the science couch questions! 

If you want to learn more about any of our main topics, check out these links:

[Truth or Fail]

Cloud seeding

https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-935704-30-0_9

https://science.sciencemag.org/content/195/4274/139 

Absorbent polymer

https://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/tcfaq/C5d.html

http://discovermagazine.com/2002/sep/featrain

Hail cannon

https://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/pdf/10.1175/1520-0477(1981)062%3C0368%3AHRTFHC%3E2.0.CO%3B2

https://www.businessinsider.com/volkswagen-hail-cannons-mexico-farmers-draught-2018-8

https://books.google.com/books?id=h-ADAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA548

https://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/hail-cannons-the-devices-that-supposedly-blast-away-bad-weather 

Soot

https://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/tcfaq/C5b.html

[Fact Off]

Year Without a Summer:

https://scied.ucar.edu/shortcontent/mount-tambora-and-year-without-summer

http://mentalfloss.com/article/73585/15-facts-about-year-without-summer

https://medium.com/@spencerbaum/the-year-without-summer-and-the-origins-of-frankenstein-13e6884c3ece

Tae Bo “earthquake:”

https://www.geek.com/geek-cetera/korean-skyscraper-shakes-from-17-middle-aged-people-doing-tae-bo-1405157/

http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/2011/07/117_91209.html

http://mentalfloss.com/article/31349/how-power-literally-rocked-house

[Ask the Science Couch]

Glass rain:

https://exoplanets.nasa.gov/alien-worlds/galaxy-of-horrors/

Cryovolcanoes: 

https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/cassini/media/cassini-20081215b.htmL

https://www.nature.com/news/2009/090325/full/news.2009.190.html

Ice quakes on Earth: 

http://climate.missouri.edu/news/arc/mar2014b.php

http://time.com/5517690/frost-quakes-ice-polar-vortex-sounds/

[Butt One More Thing]

Hurricane Florence poop:

https://www.govtech.com/em/disaster/Hurricane-Florence-Bathed-North-Carolina-in-Raw-Sewage-New-Figures-Show-it-was-Even-Worse-than-we-Thought.html 

https://www.livescience.com/63625-pig-manure-overflow-hurricane-florence.html

Fossils: a profound look into to our Earth’s past… some are beautiful... some are haunting… some are poop! Kallie Moore, host of PBS Eons joins the Tangents crew to talk old stone bones, fraudulent fossils, and a dinosaur so well preserved, we may be able to figure out what its last meal was. 

Follow us on Twitter @SciShowTangents, where we’ll tweet out topics for upcoming episodes and you can ask the science couch questions! 

If you want more Kallie Moore, check out PBS Eons:

https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCzR-rom72PHN9Zg7RML9EbA

And if you want to learn more about any of our main topics, check out these links:

[Truth or Fail]

Pseudofossils:

http://www.dmp.wa.gov.au/Pseudofossils-1663.aspx

Underwater cave:

https://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2011/09/pictures/110927-crocodile-fossils-found-underwater-cave/

http://digitallibrary.amnh.org/bitstream/handle/2246/6440/N3779.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y

http://digitallibrary.amnh.org/handle/2246/6920 

Picture: https://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2011/09/pictures/110927-crocodile-fossils-found-underwater-cave/#/40959.jpg

Amber:

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/00379271.2010.10697637 

https://www.pnas.org/content/112/32/9961?ijkey=4607330261d2012edc599837b06f71be63ebc148&keytype2=tf_ipsecsha

[Fact Off]

Opalized fossils: 

https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/2018/12/exclusive-sparkly-opal-filled-fossils-reveal-new-dinosaur-species-paleontology/

Super preserved Ankylosaur:

https://www.nationalgeographic.com/magazine/2017/06/dinosaur-nodosaur-fossil-discovery/

https://www.livescience.com/65640-opal-dinosaur-herd-bones.html

[Ask the Science Couch]

Zircon:

https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2015/10/scientists-may-have-found-earliest-evidence-life-earth

https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/2018/09/news-earth-rocks-sediment-first-life-zircon/ 

Tully monster:

https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/laelaps/tully-monster-still-a-mystery/

https://www.isgs.illinois.edu/outreach/geology-resources/illinois-state-fossil-tullimonstrum-gregarium 

[Butt One More Thing]

Fake poop:

https://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2014/07/140729-dinosaur-coprolite-paleontology-dung-fossil-auction/

Birds singing, dogs barking, computers sending and receiving data, you reading this description: at the end of the day, it’s all communication. This week, we sit down with Vanessa Hill, host of the YouTube channel Braincraft, and do a little communicating about communication!

Follow us on Twitter @SciShowTangents, where we’ll tweet out topics for upcoming episodes and you can ask the science couch questions!

If you want more Vanessa Hill, check out BrainCraft: https://www.youtube.com/user/braincraftvideo

And if you want to learn more about any of our main topics, check out these links:

[Truth or Fail]

Dr. Pear’s Radio Announcer Study:

https://www.thebritishacademy.ac.uk/blog/radio-and-voice

[Fact Off]

Languages & ecological risk:

https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/426502v1

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-019-09842-2

Evolved antenna:

https://ti.arc.nasa.gov/m/pub-archive/1244h/1244%20(Hornby).pdf

http://www.genetic-programming.org/gecco2004hc/lohn-paper.pdf

https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/nmp/st5/ABOUT/about-index.php

Picture of ST5 antenna: https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/nmp/st5/TECHNOLOGY/antenna.html

Evolution of antenna: https://www.researchgate.net/figure/2-Sequence-of-evolved-antennas-leading-up-to-antenna-ST5-331427_fig2_226537559

[Ask the Science Couch]

Animal communication:

http://pandora.cii.wwu.edu/vajda/ling201/test1materials/Animalchart.htm

https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/speaking-of-science/wp/2014/08/22/chirps-whistles-clicks-do-any-animals-have-a-true-language/?utm_term=.1e218b9e7f00

http://www.cogs.indiana.edu/spackled/2009readings/Slobodchikoff%202009.PDF

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1834009/

http://www.bbc.com/earth/story/20150512-birds-hold-the-key-to-language  

[Butt One More Thing]

FRTs:

https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2003/11/farting-fish-keep-touch

https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/abs/10.1098/rsbl.2003.0107

Everybody eats, and everybody poops, but in between… that’s where the magic happens! This week we’re talking about everyone’s favorite organic method of removing nutrients from food: digestion!

Follow us on Twitter @SciShowTangents, where we’ll tweet out topics for upcoming episodes and you can ask the science couch questions!

[The Fashion Couch]

SciShow Tangents - The Science Couch2

(Sam Schultz)

And if you want to learn more about any of our main topics, check out these links:

[Truth or Fail]

 Fulmar:

https://blog.nus.edu.sg/lsm1303student2013/2013/04/11/full-mah-bbbbbbllllaaaaarrrrgggghhhh/

Sloth:

https://www.sciencealert.com/this-is-the-horror-that-sloths-have-to-go-through-every-time-they-poop

Platypus:

https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/phenomena/2013/12/03/how-the-platypus-and-a-quarter-of-fishes-lost-their-stomachs/?utm_source=reddit.com

[Fact Off]

Esophagus replacement:

https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/one-mans-choice-life-without-a-stomach-or-dying-from-stomach-cancer/2017/12/27/f2c05928-ce13-11e7-a1a3-0d1e45a6de3d_story.html?utm_term=.afbf3730f9d2

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5104299/

Phytobezoars:

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4400622/

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2673384/

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/apt.12141

[Ask the Science Couch] 

Gum composition:

https://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/102/2/e22.long

https://patents.google.com/patent/US6986907B2/en

https://pslc.ws/macrog/pib.htm

Swallowed gum:

https://kidshealth.org/en/kids/swallowed-gum.html

http://www.vivo.colostate.edu/hbooks/pathphys/digestion/basics/transit.html

[Butt One More Thing]

 Everlasting pill:

https://www.mcgill.ca/oss/article/antimony-metallic-cleanse-middle-ages

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3037053/

Be they big or small, purposeful or accidental, innocuous or potentially-planet-destroying, there is no question that humans are great at making messes and not so great at cleaning them up. Joe Hanson, host of the PBS channel Hot Mess, joins us to talk about some of the more notable messes we’ve made, and what, if anything, we can do to be less messy in the future.

Follow us on Twitter @SciShowTangents, where we’ll tweet out themes for upcoming episodes and you can ask the science couch questions!

And if you want to learn more about any of our main topics, check out these links:

[Truth or Fail]

Molasses Disasters:

Boston Molasses Flood:

https://www.bostonglobe.com/magazine/2019/01/09/the-great-molasses-flood-was-boston-strangest-disaster/VawySumFUf5vKCibM9PLtJ/story.html

https://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2013/13/130917-molasses-oil-spill-hawaii-honolulu-cleanup/

https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/1814-beer-flood-killed-eight-people-180964256/

https://www.cbsnews.com/news/bourbon-and-smoke/

https://whiskeyreviewer.com/2016/01/the-biggest-modern-whiskey-disasters-012516/

[Fact Off]

Project West Ford:

https://history.nasa.gov/SP-4217/ch8.htm

https://www.wired.com/2013/08/project-west-ford/

Fatbergs and flushable wipes:

https://www.chemistryworld.com/news/explainer-are-flushable-wet-wipes-really-flushable/1017594.article

https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2016/10/are-wet-wipes-wrecking-the-worlds-sewers/504098/

[Ask the Science Couch]

Minerals:

https://earther.gizmodo.com/the-fossils-of-the-21st-century-1830693850

https://sp.lyellcollection.org/content/early/2013/12/19/SP395.2

http://www.fordite.com/history.html

https://carnegiescience.edu/news/first-ever-catalog-208-human-caused-minerals-bolsters-argument-declare-anthropocene-epoch

Plastiglomerate:

http://www.geosociety.org/gsatoday/archive/24/6/article/i1052-5173-24-6-4.htm

https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2014/06/rocks-made-plastic-found-hawaiian-beach

[Butt One More Thing]

Coccyx cuckoo:

https://www.etymonline.com/word/coccyx

So, right off the bat, basically all you need to know about this episode is that Hank sings this week's Science Poem. Beyond that, we delve into the eternal mystery that is 'sleep.' Where do ours dreams come from? How does sleeping help rejuvenate our brains and bodies? Why do some people need less sleep than others? Turns out, no one really knows yet, but it's still fun to talk about!

Follow us on Twitter @SciShowTangents, where we’ll tweet out topics for upcoming episodes and you can ask the science couch questions!

And if you want to learn more about any of our main topics, check out these links:

[Truth or Fail]

Sleeping and Idea Generation:

https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2018/05/sleep-creativity-theory/560399/

http://mentalfloss.com/article/12763/11-creative-breakthroughs-people-had-their-sleep

https://www.brainpickings.org/2016/02/08/mendeleev-periodic-table-dream/

https://www.inverse.com/article/3696-5-dreams-that-led-to-scientific-breakthroughs

[Fact Off]

Auto activation deficit:

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24026624

https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/09/130911211923.htm

Narcolepsy and dogs:

https://med.stanford.edu/narcolepsy/narcolepsyhistory.html

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12026-014-8513-4

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3625934/

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9481825

https://med.stanford.edu/content/dam/sm/psychiatry/documents/narcolepsy/latestnews/cell98.pdf

[Ask the Science Couch]

Naturally short sleepers:

https://www.ucsf.edu/news/2018/03/410051/scientists-discover-how-gene-mutation-reduces-need-sleep

https://www.pnas.org/content/115/13/3434.short?rss=1

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3589707/

Circadian rhythms:

http://healthysleep.med.harvard.edu/healthy/science/variations/individual-variation-genetics

https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/having-this-gene-may-make-some-people-night-owls/

Flies:

https://journals.plos.org/plosgenetics/article?id=10.1371/journal.pgen.1007098

[Butt One More Thing]

Dormant butt syndrome:

https://wexnermedical.osu.edu/blog/your-dormant-butt-might-be-to-blame-for-knee-hip-or-back-pain

Every day, billions of people perform vital, life sustaining chemistry right in their homes! Baking, frying, boiling, fermenting… all cooking is science, and the way it weaves into our lives and cultures makes it uniquely fascinating! Join us this week to learn why the heck there’s iodine in your salt, what happens if you forget where in the bog you buried your cask of meat, and why baking a cake at high elevations can be so frustrating!

Follow us on Twitter @SciShowTangents, where we’ll tweet out topics for upcoming episodes and you can ask the science couch questions!

And if you want to learn more about any of our main topics, check out these links:

[Truth or Fail]

Hartshorn salt:

https://www.thespruceeats.com/ammonium-carbonate-hartshorn-hirschhornsalz-1446913

https://library.ndsu.edu/grhc/foods/recipe/ammonia.html

Bog butter:

https://www.irishtimes.com/news/for-peat-s-safe-bog-butter-unearthed-with-turf-1.583009

https://www.nature.com/news/1998/040315/full/news040315-5.html

Turnspit Dog:

https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2014/05/13/311127237/turnspit-dogs-the-rise-and-fall-of-the-vernepator-cur

https://books.google.com/books?id=FVF_PhTjK7cC&pg=PA316#v=onepage&q&f=false

[Fact Off]

Iodine in salt:

https://www.nber.org/papers/w19233

Graphene vegetable oil:

https://www.sciencealert.com/scientists-have-turned-cheap-cooking-oil-into-a-material-200-times-stronger-than-steel

https://www.nature.com/articles/ncomms14217

[Ask the Science Couch]

Cooking at high elevation:

https://www.exploratorium.edu/cooking/icooks/article-3-03.html

https://extension.colostate.edu/docs/pubs/foodnut/p41.pdf

https://www.exploratorium.edu/cooking/bread/bread_science.html

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6098858/

[Butt One More Thing]

Baby poop sausage:

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0309174013005263?via%3Dihub

https://www.livescience.com/43465-baby-poop-sausage-probiotic.html

From countless stories of little green men to colonization plans and endless rover and satellite missions, humans are sort of obsessed with Mars. One of those obsessed humans is Hank Green! This week he finally gets to put all his knowledge about his favorite planet to good use: winning fake points on a game show he made up!

Follow us on Twitter @SciShowTangents, where we’ll tweet out topics for upcoming episodes and you can ask the science couch questions!

And if you want to learn more about any of our main topics, check out these links:

[Truth or Fail]

Nikita Kruschev Smash!:

https://www.ecnmag.com/news/2016/02/spacecraft-week-mars-1m

https://books.google.com/books?id=rgl_C0XrKTUC&pg=PA94&lpg=PA94&dq=nikita+khrushchev+mars+1m+model&source=bl&ots=2QXRrwkMq3&sig=ACfU3U3anUEtPzhvqptkYhidjrQENpTl9A&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi5u-KksJniAhXIl54KHWgjCDoQ6AEwDXoECAYQAQ#v=onepage&q=nikita%20khrushchev%20mars%201m%20model&f=false

Spock of Mars:

https://www.cbr.com/tv-legends-revealed-spock-was-originally-supposed-to-have-red-skin/

Mariner 4 Micrometeor:  

https://www.nasa.gov/vision/universe/watchtheskies/meteor_cloud.html

https://www.caltech.edu/about/news/alone-darkness-mariner-4-mars-50-years-later-47324

[Fact Off]

First Image of Mars:

The picture: https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/spaceimages/details.php?id=PIA14033

https://gizmodo.com/this-paint-by-numbers-drawing-was-the-very-first-image-1687904838

https://www.directedplay.com/first-tv-image-of-mars/

https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1964-077A

https://www.businessinsider.com/nasa-jpl-scientists-pieced-together-first-mars-image-2016-5?utm_source=reddit.com

Plutonium-238:

https://motherboard.vice.com/en_us/article/mbyz4v/scientists-are-automating-plutonium-production-so-nasa-can-explore-deep-space

https://www.skyandtelescope.com/astronomy-news/plutonium-production-space-exploration/

https://www.greenwichtime.com/technology/businessinsider/article/NASA-s-deep-space-nuclear-power-crisis-may-soon-13530374.php

[Ask the Science Couch]

Earth tectonics:

https://geomaps.wr.usgs.gov/parks/pltec/

https://www.nytimes.com/2018/12/18/science/plate-tectonics-continents-earth.html

https://phys.org/news/2018-09-plate-tectonics-earth.html

Mars (lack of) tectonics:

https://marsed.asu.edu/mep/tectonics

https://airandspace.si.edu/exhibitions/exploring-the-planets/online/solar-system/mars/surface/volcanoes/

[Butt One More Thing]

Poop-eating bacteria:

https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2018/02/03/582968023/making-space-food-with-space-poop